CONFERENCE OF DELEGATES. 437 



associated with meat production ; mangolds are associated with dairy 

 production; and potatoes with conditions specially favourable for plant 

 growth and marketing. 



The rotation grasses generally remain only one year, but in special 

 conditions they remain two or more, particularly where the summer and 

 autumn are sufficiently moist to permit of growth. The deviations from 

 the one year ley should be noted. 



Orchard and market garden land is so important that it should be 

 separately mapped, and the records should show the crops, the markets, 

 and the relation to transport. For example, a great industry in growing 

 tomatoes and cucumbers under glass has developed in the Lea Valley 

 north-east of London, the determining factors being (1) the accident that 

 the industry was started there about sixty years ago by the first Joseph 

 Eochford ; (2) the proximity to London and direct accessibility to Man- 

 chester and the northern towns ; (3) the abundance of water in the 

 subsoil so near the surface that it can be cheaply pumped out of shallow 

 and inexpensive wells. 



The great out-door fruit and market garden industry of the Evesham 

 district is determined by (1) the relatively mild winters and equable 

 climate ; (2) the undulations of the land surface causing great varieties of 

 aspect ; (3) the open soil lying on a heavier soil ; (4) good railway com- 

 munications. 



If the conditions are suitable the industry once started tends to develop, 

 because new entrants trained by those already there tend to settle in the 

 same district, rather than risk failure in an entirely new district. 



The weed flora is important. It persists long after it has become 

 established, and may throw light on the earlier history of the land. 

 Economically also a weed survey is valuable. 



The uncultivated land should be subdivided on the map according as 

 it is wet or dry, open or wooded. The distinctions thus become : open 

 dry heath or down, frequently in these days used as golf courses ; marsh 

 or bog ; dry woodland, mainly fir, pine, birch, beech, Spanish chestnut ; 

 moist woodland, mainly oak, hornbeam, ash. Further subdi\asion is the 

 province of ecology, and the Ecological Society should be consulted if the 

 area of waste is of great size. 



A system of symbols has been devised by the Regional Survey Com- 

 mittee of the Geographical Association, distinguishing sharply between 

 these four great divisions of inhabited, arable, permanent grass and un- 

 cultivated land, and making the necessary subdivisions. 



The symbols can be made more expressive by using the initial letter of 

 the crop to denote the normal rotation. The crops actually growing at 

 the time of the survey need not be shown on the map as they change each 

 year, and in any one field may be determined by some accidental factor. 

 The important thing is to show all the rotation land and the types 

 of the rotation. This can be done by the Geographical Association 

 isymbols. 



It is obviously a great task to go over a whole region to find out whether 

 its rotation is four or five course and what are its chief crops. There are 

 two ways in which the labour can be lightened. The farmer works his 

 rotations by fields rather than by precise areas. A rough estimate of the 



