146 



SECTIONAL ADDRESSES. 



Its length is 205 ram., its breadth 149 mm., and its vertical height, from 

 the top of the ear passage, 124 mm. 



L. 205 + B. 149 + H. 124 = 478 (L. + B. + H. Standard) 



L. 205 = . 9q B. 149 = .o 12 H. 1 24 = . 25 « 



Standard 478 Standard 478 Standard 478 



In other words, the length is -429, the breadth -312, and the height -259 

 of the sum of the three dimensions ; and these we may speak of as the 

 proportional length, breadth, and height indices. 



Now suppose that we want to contrast this Saxon's cranium with 

 that of a London medical student of to-day, whose head measurements 

 are as follows : L. 202, B. 149, H. 140. We must remember, of course, 

 that we are dealing now with cephalic, not cranial, measurements, and 

 that the soft parts of the scalp have been included ; while in the Saxon 

 was included the skull alone. 



We must therefore deduct 8 mm. from the length and breadth and 

 5-5 mm. from the height to allow for these ; this reduces the measure- 

 ments to L. 194, B. 141, H. 134-5. Still another deduction is needed, 

 because the height was measured with an auricular height craniometer, 

 which fits into the centre of the ear-hole, while the Saxon skull was 

 measured from the top of the opening ; thus another 6 mm. must 

 be deducted from the height of the modern skull to allow for this. Now 

 the measurements are comparable, and the two skulls give the following 

 results : — 



L. B. H. 



Anglo-Saxon . . 205 + 149 + 124 = 478 mm. 

 Modern Londoner . 194 + 141 + 128-5 = 463-5 mm. 



It is pretty clear that this particular Saxon had a larger head than the 

 student, and if we want to see where the gain and loss occurred the actual 

 measurements must be reduced to their proper proportions, as follows : — 



Now it is seen at a glance that this particular London student has a 

 head which is shorter and narrower, but a great deal higher in proportion 

 to its size, than that of the particular Saxon with which it was compared. 



In this instance I have reduced the Londoner's head to a skull in 

 order to compare it with that of the Saxon, but of course it would have 

 been just as easy to have reversed the process and to have clothed the 

 Saxon skull with the necessary allowance for soft parts. This, indeed, 

 is what I propose to do in the table of proportional indices which I may 

 now lay before you, since the living head measurements are more numerous 

 than those made upon skulls. Anyone using this table must please bear 

 in mind that all the skulls have had 8 mm. added to their average length 



