340 SECTIONAL TRANSACTIONS.— E. 



end of the rnorainic ridge across the Vale of York, and just within the northern edge 

 of the coalfield. It appears first as an agricultural village in Domesday. Later it 

 became a market town and a manorial borough. But not till the development of 

 the woollen industry was it an important town. The location of this industry was 

 fixed by the presence of the soft- water streams from the highland ; and Leeds became 

 its chief commercial focus when the Aire was made navigable up to Leeds Bridge. 

 This waterway has been a primary factor in the growth of the city, and must be 

 further developed if that growth is to be maintained. In land ways it is noted that 

 before the growth of Leeds the trans-Pennine route was along Wharfedale, and the 

 transfer of that route to Airedale is a result, rather than a cause, of the city's 

 importance. The plan of the city is summarised and related to the natural features 

 of the site. 



Messrs. G. E. Hill and A. T. Whitakeb.— Land Utilisation in South 

 Leeds. 



A survey of a segment of the city from Leeds Bridge to the southern boundary 

 shows three well-marked zones : (a) below 150 feet above O.D., on the valley bottom, 

 is an area mainly devoted to heavy industry and transport working, with some slum 

 housing ; (b) above this, and extending half a mile beyond it, an area of better-class 

 residences with few industrial buildings ; (c) an outer zone of recent and better 

 residential type which has developed only since the tramway made it accessible in 

 1901 and 1904. The steep slope overlooking Worthy Beck is still unbuilt on and is 

 partly waste. 



Mr. R. E. Dickinson. — Zones of Influence of Leeds. 



Returns have been obtained indicating the areas served or controlled from Leeds 

 by head offices or Yorkshire district offices for many forms of activities, such as 

 retail and wholesale provision and other merchants, the markets areas, insurance 

 and other finance work. We have also mapped out the zones of accessibility from 

 Leeds by train and bus, taking account of both time and frequency of services. From 

 these and other evidences we map three zones of influence round the city. The 

 outermost is the distinctive Yorkshire region, which extends from the North Sea to 

 the Pennine watershed and has well-marked limits to north and south. To the 

 north we find Cleveland, all the Tees Valley and Swaledale are under the influence 

 of the Tyneside combination and not that of West Yorkshire. To south the frontier 

 between the zones of influence of Leeds and Sheffield lies along the watershed between 

 the Calder and Dearne Valleys. Within this wide region is the smaller area served 

 daily from Leeds and some subdivisions as between Hull, York, Leeds and Bradford. 



Mr. E. Hepworth. — Castleford. 



Castleford is now a small urban district ten miles S.E. of Leeds at the confluence 

 of the Aire and Calder. It was a Roman station on the Great North Road, and is 

 now a colliery and manufacturing centre. But its position in the flood plain, and its 

 overshadowing by the mediaeval fortress town of Pontefract, only three miles away, 

 and the earlier industrial growth of Leeds, have prevented any considerable growth. 



Afternoon. 

 Excursion in the Leeds area. 



Saturday, September 3. 



Excursion to Middle Wharfedale, Skipton, and Nidderdale. 



Monday, September 5. 



Dr. Jansma.— Land Reclamation in Holland with Special Reference to the 

 Zuiderzee. 



A Frenchm an said : ' Dieu crea le monde, excepte les Pays-Bas qui furent crees 

 par les Hollandais.' Lideed, a large part of Holland is so low that it lies below the 



