SECTIONAL TRANSACTIONS.— E, F. 343 



from the chalk area to the west and the boulder clay area to the east. This is corro- 

 borated by personal investigation and by work on the distribution of crops and of 

 population. 



Wednesday, September 7. 



Miss S. Harris. — Village Settlements in the Channel Islands. 



(I) The ' natural' control of settlement in the Channel Islands the same in each 

 island. Human groups moved up valleys to fertile patches on plateaux, focussing 

 round sites of prehistoric importance (later, sites of parish churches). 



(II) Meitzen (German school) divides settlements in N.W. Europe into (1) Einzel- 

 hofe, single farms, (2) Dorfer, compact villages ; and places the Channel Islands in 

 the former group, with Jersey as a special example. His map is too generalised a 

 statement of facts. 



(III) Channel Islands show grouped homesteads, open fields with ownership of 

 scattered strips, communal organisation, banon (rights of stubble pasture), inalienable 

 rights of grazing on the waste, one-field rotation. This is not pure Einzelhof. 



(IV) Einzelhofe of e.g. (a) Westphalia, (6) North Sea coastal lands, were modified by 

 introduction of ' Esch ' (common arable) ; and in (6) a one-field system obtained. 

 Settlers from (6) colonised Kent and introduced tenure by ' gavel-kind.' Settlements 

 in Channel Islands and Kent very similar and probably the same in origin. 



Mr. H. King. — A Geographical Study of a Yorkshire Manor. 



Mr. E. P. Brady.— Rural Settlements in the Middle Trent Valley. 



The relation of the area to the Midlands — its ' confluence ' feature. The surface 

 geology and its relation to relief and the main rivers. The distribution and types of 

 village in relation to these. The riverside type — the gravel terrace type — the hillside 

 type — the valley type of the lower Trias. 



Examination of the types by characteristic examples. Their sites analysed and 

 their typical developments noted. The riverside villages from Willington to Swarke- 

 stone ; the gravel villages of Weston and Aston ; the spur villages of Mickleover and 

 Littleover ; the townships of Repton and Donnington. Some changes in value of 

 the sites due to changing lines of communication. 



SECTION F. 

 ECONOMIC SCIENCE AND STATISTICS. 



(Communications on Textiles, received at special sessions, will be found on p. 411.) 



(For references to the publication elsewhere of communications entered in the 

 following list of transactions, see p. 432.) 



Thursday, September 1. 



Mr. T. S. Ashton. — The Coalminers of the Eighteenth Century. 



In Scotland, until 1775, the colliers were bound in lifelong servitude ; and, before 

 and after emancipation, the family was the labour unit. In the North of England a 

 yearly hiring was general, under bonds made between individual colliers and then- 

 employers. South of the Tees the hiring period was much shorter, and the economic 

 unit was a co-operative group of workers represented in bargaining by a leader or 

 charter-master. 



Between 1700 and 1780 money wages remained constant, and food prices varied 

 widely with the harvests, and in the industrial disturbances, which commonly occurred 

 in years of shortage, animosity was directed, not against the employers, but against 

 the dealers in grain. After 1780 wages showed more flexibility, and industrial disputes 

 of the modern type took the place of food riots. 



Some migration of labour occurred between the coalfields, but there was little 

 recruiting from other industries, and wages were maintained at a relatively high 



