SECTIONAL TRANSACTIONS.— H. 357 



the plans of the wooden gates of Camp A, and the discovery of traces of a wooden 

 front to the rampart of a type not discovered in Roman Britain before, but represented 

 in various forms in the Rhine-lands. Unfinished earth-ovens of this period were also 

 found, in almost every stage of construction, indicating the short life of such structures 

 and the ease with which they could be excavated in firm subsoil. To the second 

 period of occupation of this camp belong newly discovered rectangular pits covered 

 with wigwam-like roofs, of which the strut-holes were found ; these were apparently 

 used for habitation, since they had hearths at their edges. A long narrow and deep 

 pit which occurred near them was of quite different type and seems to have been a 

 latrine-trench, but more examples are wanted. Excavations in Fort D, confined to 

 its northern defences, produced evidence that these defences were never completely 

 dug or finished, thus confirming surface indications on other parts of the circuit. 



Much still remains to be done at this interesting site, which continues to fulfil 

 its early promise by producing unique features in an excellent state of preservation. 



Mr. L. S. B. Leakey aud Mr. B. H. Newsam. — Preliminary Report on 

 Excavations in Kenya Colony — The Stone Age in Kenya. 



Mr. Leakey's first year's work was concerned with sites in two areas, one at Lake 

 Nakuru in the Rift Valley, one at Upper Elmenteita. On the Lake Nakuru site 

 evidence was found for two high lake levels, and for falls in connection with these 

 two high levels to a point below the 200-feet level. These are the high levels which 

 are thought to represent pluvial periods to be correlated with the glacial epochs in 

 Europe. This suggestion awaits further examination in the light of evidence 

 furnished by fossil bones and skulls collected from various horizons on the lake 

 deposits. The archaeological site at Nakuru is situated 365 feet above present sea- 

 level, and consists of a deposit along the edge of a cliff. The two upper strata show 

 no sign of submergence, and must be later than the high- water level. In these, 

 through a depth of 13 feet, were found ten burials with hundreds of tools, pottery 

 fragments, &c, as well as stone bowls, these last more numerous in the upper layers. 

 One skeleton was in almost perfect condition. It alone afforded possibility of any 

 detailed measurement. The striking features were the length and width of the 

 face, the depth of the mandible at the symphysis, the height of the vault of the palate 

 and the prominent relatively narrow nose, with a low index of 50.9. The head was 

 very long, in fact ultra-dolichocephalic. The associated industry is essentially 

 microlithic. Beneath this stratum was a small deposit of pebbles and sand which 

 appears to have been subject to water action. In it were a few obsidian tools and 

 fossil bones. It is obviously older than the upper two, and has been submerged by 

 high lake level. The tools for the most part were backed blades. 



The second site at Upper Elmenteita is 393 feet above present lake level. It is 

 situated along the edge of a cliff which consists of lava overlying an alluvial deposit, 

 forming one side of a valley cut by a prehistoric river during an interpluvial period, 

 and subsequently filled up by a rise of the lake, most of this later alluvium being 

 washed away in a subsequent fall. In the residue were found remains of twenty-six 

 individuals, scattered about at various depths, in pockets in crevices ; obsidian tools 

 and pottery and eggshell were found around with them. It is suggested that they 

 belong to a period previous to the rising of the lake, which deposited them where they 

 were found. All the bones are more or less fossilised and well preserved. The human 

 remains include at least two skull types — a primitive type, Elmenteita A., and a less 

 primitive, but with one or two remarkable features, Elmenteita B. In skull A the 

 remarkable feature is the mandible, which has a very deep bone at the symphysis — 

 41 mm. ; the relative height of the ascending part, and the obtuseness of the angle ; 

 also the low forehead, the length of face, the bizygomatic width, compared with the 

 breadth of the skull, and the exceptionally long and narrow nose, index 47.4. The 

 skull is very dolichocephalic, the relation of breadth to length being 68.2. Skull B 

 differed from skull A in its greater breadth, index 75 ; the capacity of the skull 

 exceedingly high, 1680.96 ; the nose, exceptionally narrow, index 40, and the jaw s 

 exceptionally long. Neither of these types resembles the modern negroes of the 

 country. 



The third site, at Upper Elmenteita, is a cave or rock-shelter, on the side of a 

 steep valley 216 feet above stream level, and 594 feet above lake level, and has yielded 

 important stratagraphical evidence : 1,2 and 3 are modern layers, contain no tools ; 

 4 is a barren layer of alluvial silt ; 5, a layer of rock rubble from roof ; 6, 3 feet of 



