358 SECTIONAL TRANSACTIONS.— H. 



hearth earth, containing pottery, tools, &c, and animal bones ; 7, rock rubble from 

 roof ; 8, layer as 4 ; 9, layer of rock rubble ; 10, layer of hearths with implements 

 and bones; 11, burials. If, as it is argued on the geological evidence, the two- 

 alluvial deposits here are deposits of the two high lake levels, the first prehistoric 

 period belongs to the last interpluvial and the second to an earlier one. Of the 

 prehistoric horizons, the first or later belongs to the Neolithic in culture if not in 

 time, resembling the industry of the first Elmenteita site (Mr. Monroe's farm), while 

 the second is much cruder and contains no pottery, but rough flakes with just a very 

 small trace of secondary chippings. Large quantities of small rodent-like animals 

 had been found, but none of the human remains has yet been taken from the burials. 

 Lastly, a drift across the Enteril River gives a section across the alluvial plain 

 330 feet above present lake level in the deposits of the last pluvial period, in which 

 appear a number of obsidian tools, chiefly lunates and backed points associated with 

 fossil bones and teeth of some extinct form of hippopotamus. 



Rev. H. J. Dukinfield Astley. — Cup and Ring Markings. 



The real origin and significance of these mysterious markings are to be found in the 

 endeavour of primitive man to express by signs, the meaning of which was understood 

 by him and his fellows, the ideas which he would convey to them. 



It is suggested, therefore, that in these signs or markings we have at once both a 

 primitive form of heraldry and the beginnings of an alphabet ; as a primitive form of 

 heraldry they are connected with Totemism. Various theories have been advanced 

 as to the magical or religious significance of the markings ; other theories are that 

 they were astronomical, or intended to be maps of the locality in which they were found, 

 and the like. A study of the examples which are to be seen, for instance, at Ilkley 

 will be sufficient to show the baselessness of these theories. 



Dr. H. M. Ami. — Recent Discoveries at Combe Capelle. 



The paper deals with the various discoveries made during the last two seasons at 

 Combe Capelle by students of the Canadian School of Prehistory organised under 

 the auspices of the Royal Society of Canada and under the aegis of ' Les Beaux Arts ' 

 of France. 



Many interesting types of previously unrecorded industries of Monstierian Age 

 are described, and an attempt is made to correlate the discoveries made at Combe 

 Capelle with those of La Micogue, Le Monstier, La Ferrassie and Les Eyzies. 



The four beds (or zones de terrain) in which the materials were found offer an 

 interesting succession of objects in stone as well as of bones and teeth of animals of 

 early Quaternary Period, which, when taken together, afford excellent criteria, 

 by means of which the industries of man and the faunas of the period can be determined 

 to advantage. 



Dr. T. Ashby. — Roman Roads in the Valley of the Tiber. 



I pom ted out in my Presidential Address to Section H two years ago that one of 

 the principal factors in the growth of the power of Rome was her command of the 

 only permanent crossing of the Tiber in the lower part of its course. The bridge 

 which was established just below the island, within the area of that part of the river 

 bank which was protected by the city wall and by a fort on the Janiculum, was only 

 the successor of a ferry which probably existed long before there was any city on the 

 site of Rome at all, and was used extensively for trading purposes. Another ferry 

 must have been situated at Fidenae — where there was never a bridge — a few miles 

 up the river from Rome, and its existence explains the continual struggles between 

 Rome and Veii for the possession of that important strategic point. 



Like several others higher up, it continued to exist in imperial times ; and thus 

 the roads on each bank, which are of very early origin, were kept in communication 

 with one another ; for the absence of bridges even above Rome is most striking, 

 while below the city even ferries were entirely lacking, except at Ostia itself. The 

 Via Flaminia, with its two bridges taking it into and out of Etruria, distant 

 respectively 3 and 42 miles from the city, is a purely military highway, and dates 

 only from 220 B.C. : and a theory recently advanced that the first of the two, the 

 Pons Milvius, has taken the place of a very early crossing has little to commend it. 



