366 SECTIONAL TRANSACTIONS.— H. 



Mr. Arthur Davies. — A Continuation of Prof. Arthur Thomson's and Mr. 

 Dudley Buxton's ' Studies of Nasal Indices in Connection with Climate ' 

 for Africa. 



(a) Instead of the Reconstruction formula of Mr. Buxton, which is not capable 

 of general application, it is suggested that the coefficients of temperature and of 

 relative humidity variation can be resolved and graphed and so substituted in the 

 formula N.I. = Temperature x C r + Relative Humidity X C H + 38 where C T is value of 

 temperature coefficient at temperature T and C„ the humidity coefficient at humidity 

 H. This has proved applicable not only to Africa, but over the examples included in 

 J.R.A.I. 1923. 



(b) Climatic Standards. — Instead of taking average conditions of temperature and 

 of relative humidity everywhere it is suggested that we use maximum conditions 

 in hot moist regions (torrid zone) ; average conditions in temperate regions ; average 

 conditions for cold regions, because it is found the cold conditions do not affect N.I. 

 to the extent that hot conditions do. For this reason in extreme climates a standard 

 between average and maximum seems desirable. 



(c) Mathematical evidence and physiological aspect. — Mathematical evidence : 

 (1) increase of coefficients of temperature and of humidity steadily with rise of tem- 

 perature and humidity ; (2) higher correlation between N.I. and climate in hotter 

 regions ; (3) maximum climatic standard in hot regions and average elsewhere ; 

 minimum conditions not acceptable, i.e. heat more important than cold. 



Nasal organ includes two relevant functions : (1) admission of air to lungs in suffi- 

 cient quantity ; (2) adjustment to temperature and humidity suitable to lung tissue. 

 A wide nose does not interfere with function (1), but as N.I. approaches 60 the volume 

 of air admissible rapidly decreases and interferes with function (1). A nose can widen 

 freely, the more so because devices for cooling are less numerous and effective than 

 devices for conserving heat. Under cooler conditions narrowing proceeds to a stage 

 beyond which it is dangerous for function (1) ; henceforth the onus of adjustment 

 to cold conditions is thrown on other organs and on artificial devices, e.g. wearing 

 furs over mouth to form an outer warming chamber. This physiological aspect 

 emphasises the effect of heat on N.I. and minimises the effect of colder conditions. 

 Narrow nose and medium nose adjust to climatic changes far more readily than the 

 broad nose. Section C suggests the physiological explanation that the broad nose 

 is a more definite specialisation than the others. 



(d) Conclusions (tentative). — Broad nose, i.e. high N.I., has considerable racial 

 persistence even when environment militates against it. The broad nose, a specialisa- 

 tion little affected by climate, retains its significance as a test of distinction between 

 races but not as a test of relationship of two groups unless the climates of these two 

 groups differ. 



Mr. E. G. Bowen. — An Interpretative Map of Dr. Bryn's Anthropological 

 Observations in Mid-Norway. 



The main object of this paper is to summarise the results obtained by re-examining 

 the anthropological record given by Dr. Halfdan Bryn in his ' Trondelagens 

 Antropologi,' published in 1920. An attempt has been made to translate Dr. Bryn's 

 records, individual by individual, into the scheme adopted by Prof. H. J. Fleure, 

 and to make a large-scale map of the new data. An examination of the map 

 illustrates many new points of interest, such as the mixture of other elements without 

 marked Nordic characteristics hi a region believed to be a great Nordic stronghold. 

 Then there is evidence of a substratum in the population of the survivals of Upper 

 Palaeolithic Man and further evidence that red-haired people have a peculiar distribu- 

 tion. Survivals of Upper Palaeolithic Man are noticed for Sweden by Ekholm and 

 other contributors to the recent book on ' The Racial Characters of the Swedish 

 Nation.' 



Mr. J. E. Daniel. — Distribution of Religious Denominations in Wales in 

 its relation to Racial and Social Factors. 



(1) The Anglican Church with its emphasis on outward decorum failed to take 

 the place of Roman Catholicism in the districts inhabited chiefly by dark long-heads. 



