574 SECTIONAL TRANSACTIONS.— E. 



2. Only two valleys to cross, ■whereas in Loch Lubnaig scheme four valleys had to 

 be crossed. 



3. The ease of damming up the natural outlet of Loch Katrine. 



The speaker constructed a hypsogtaphic curve -which showed that 55-6 per cent, 

 of the land in the Loch Katrine Reception Area was over 1,000 ft., thus yielding a 

 drainage area of high elevation. It may be noted, for comparison, that in the World 

 Curve only a very small percentage is over 1,000 ft. 



There followed a brief outline of the stage of development of the Loch Katrine 

 scheme which was completed in 1859. It was shown how, on account of ever-increasing 

 demand with reference to a graph of population, the storage capacity was increased 

 from 5,600 million gallons to approximately 9,800 million gallons in 1885, and 

 increasing the available supply from 50 to 110 million gallons per day, involving the 

 dupUcation of the aqueduct and service reservoir at Milngavie. It was shown that 

 these storage reservoirs contained a total capacity of 1,200 million gallons, yielding 

 eighteen days' supply at the daily consumption of 67 million gallons. 



It was pointed out that the Compensation Water to the Teith came from a reception 

 area (Lochs Vennaoher and Drunkie) entirely distinct from that which suppHed the 

 city. It was shown also how this compensation water as a fraction of the total 

 available to the city was much higher than in many parts of England and Wales. 

 The soft quality of the water had led to the establishment in the city and district 

 of fabric and other industries dependent on soft water in contrast to the usual regime 

 of establishment at or near the source of such water. 



A graph was described showing the relative importance of the consumption of 

 water for domestic and for trade purposes. The provision for future demand by 

 raising the level of the loch, increasing the storage capacity to 14,200 million gallons 

 and by utilising the water of Glenfinlas (if necessary) was found to be sufficient, yieldins; 

 a total of 132 million gallons per day or approximately twice present-day demand of 

 77 million gallons per day — truly a wonderful provision for future demand. 



Mr. P. R. Crowe. — The Geographical Position of the Scottish Coal and Iron 

 Industries. 



The object of this paper is to explain the maps on view. Before doing this we 

 can state, with regard to the Scottish coalfields, that — 



1. The coal occurs in definite basins. 



2. Carboniferous volcanic activity was very great. 



3. The interbedded ' dayband ' and ' blackband ' ores of iron played an important 

 part in the past. 



4. The coalfields are easily accessible. 



The detailed structure of the fields is intensely complicated and mining difficult, 

 especially in some areas. But limits are definite, being defined by the outcrop of 

 rocks older than coal. The rough coincidence of coalfield working with basins of 

 river drainage is a feature by no means common in other parts of the world. 



Carboniferous volcanic activity has been a great influence. There were lava 

 flows which bmlt up the broad plateaus of which the Ochils, Campsies and Renfrewshire 

 Hills are remnants. Also beds of ash and scoria were deposited amidst the coal seams. 

 Finally, numerous late intrusions of all kinds have been mapped — they have buried, 

 baked or destroyed the coal in various areas. If they occur on the surface they are 

 marked by sharp crags or rocky bosses. 



The ' dayband ' and ' blackband ' iron ores — easUy worked along wdth the coal — 

 gave an enormous filUp to mining, and for twenty years, between 1843 and 1863, 

 Scotland produced over a quarter of the pig iron of the United Kingdom. Output 

 of these ores reached a maximum of over 2h million tons per annum between 1875 

 and 1880. It then fell rapidly before the competition of imported ores, and in 1927 

 was a mere incidental, mined with coal or fireclaj' — 28,300 tons. Bat modem blast- 

 furnace installations are still to be fo\md in close proximity to the old ironfields. 



Finally, the accessibility of the fields scarcely needs further emphasis. Conditions 

 in Scotland were favourable for early settlement, for early industry and for early 

 export. 



The Carboniferous Limestone series is best developed in the east — it is here some 

 2,000 ft. tliick — as compared with 500 ft. in Ayrshire — it actually has some important 

 limestone beds, and also contains coal amounting to 50 ft. in twelve seams in the 

 Lochselly area, and to 95 ft. in thirty-four seams in Midlothian. Millstone Grit 



