SECTIONAL TRANSACTIONS.— F, G. 581 



' farm,' or £10 17s. per ' farmer.' On the same basis land-tax is a charge of d^d. per 

 acre, £1 9s. 3d. per ' farm,' and £2 per ' farmer.' Data relating to the yields under 

 the different schedules of income-tax are lacking, but the Report of the Colwyn Com- 

 mittee contained an unofficial estimate of £1,500,000 as the contribution of the United 

 Kingdom 'farming profits' to income-tax in 1922-3, equivalent to a charge (not 

 itself an element in the cost of production) of about &d. an acre. Only a few hundred 

 farmers annually elect to be assessed under Schedule D, the majority of tenants 

 securing total exemption by adhering to Schedule B. 



The value of the output of English agriculture has been oflScially computed at 

 £225,000,000, and the aggregate weight of the four ' burdens,' exclusive of the yield 

 of Schedule A property-tax, cannot represent more than 5 per cent, of this sum, or 

 about 4s. in the pound on the gross rental value of the land producing it. While, 

 owing to the uneven incidence of land-tax, and especially of tithe, owner-occupiers 

 of certain properties may find the cumulative weight considerable, the more even 

 incidence of rates is seldom really heavy. Any proposal for the complete abolition 

 of land-tax, perhaps desirable on grounds of equity and of fiscal expedience, always 

 rouses opposition from persons who have redeemed this charge. Tithe has begun to 

 undergo the process of compulsory redemption by means of a sinking fund ; rates 

 will shortly only attach to farm dwelling-houses. All statutory reliefs have placed 

 additional charges upon non-agricultural ratepayers and upon the general body of 

 tax-pa3'ers. National contributions, direct and indirect, formerly made on grounds 

 of urgency, recently as aids to a ' productive ' industry, have grown progressively, 

 and in consequence English agriculturists are, judged by foreign and even colonial 

 standards, lightly taxed. The passage of time has more than counter-balanced 

 certain hardships and anomalies in connection with the taxation of land in bygone 

 centuries, and it seems questionable if further concessions are called for, or even 

 practicable. 



Mr. L. C. RoBBiNS. — The Question of Hours in Industry. 



Wednesday, September 12. 



(a) Major L. Urwick. — Rationalisation and Industrial Education, 



Meaning of the term ' Rationalisation ' — -narrower conception implied in the 

 German term — use in this country — -wider significance given by the Economic Confer- 

 'ence — Rationalisation and Scientific Management. 



Importance of an understanding of Modern Management Practices — the difference 

 between classical economics and the Rationalisation conception — scientific manage- 

 ment and national efficiency — international co-operation. 



Provision for Research and Education in Great Britam — variety of institutions — 

 the attitude of the employer — -lack of correct practical contacts — effect on number of 

 students. 



The teaching of Management — Commerce and Industry — idea of specialisation — 

 universality of management problems — variety of syllabuses — need for an agreed 

 standard — the examination method — the case method. 



Is an agreed standard possible ? — -a matter for educationalists — how it would 

 appeal to the employer — an institute of Industrial Management. 



(6) Mr. C. Le Maistre. — Standardisation in Industry. 



Discussion. (Prof. De Paula.) 



SECTION G.-ENGINEERIIMG. 



(For reference to the publication elsewhere of ooninnniications entered in the 

 following list of transactions, see p. 686.) 



Thursday, September 6. 



Mr. J. W. Thierry.— TAe Engineering of the Zuyderzee Works. 



The paper begins with describing the Zuyderzee as a gulf penetrating far into 

 the land ; the northern part (Waddenzee) consisting of shoals intersected with deep 

 channels, and the southern part with an even bottom but a small tidal range. 



