594 SECTIONAL TRANSACTIONS.— H. 



The term ' Bushman art ' is really a misnomer, and in different areas the art is 

 different. Again on stratigraphical grounds, and from considerations of styles, a 

 sequence in the art can be determined. This is especially true in Southern Rhodesia, 

 where three phases were recognised. The styles of the older two recall that of the 

 Spanish Art Group II ; with rare exceptions only the last phase — and then showing 

 a more developed style — penetrated farther south into what is now the Union of 

 South Africa. 



A study of ' Bushman art ' in the Union reveals the existence of two groups ; the 

 one to the north and west of the mountains is associated with Smithfield industries, 

 the other to the south and east of the mountains is associated with Wilton industries. 



A study of the engravings shows the existence of four phases, proved, on strati- 

 graphical grounds, to form a sequence. During the earliest of these an incising 

 technique was practised ; figures of the later phases are made by a pocking process. 



To summarise, South Africa is a well-stocked museum, and owing to its position 

 Southern Rhodesia is an area especially important to the prehistorian. Little 

 geological work has so far been done, but from this point of view investigations would 

 probably be extremely fruitful and important. 



Miss D. A. E. Garrod. — Eoccavation of a Palceolithic Cave in Western 



JudcBa. 



Excavations in the Cave of Shukbah were carried out by the British School of 

 Archeeology in Jerusalem from May to June, 1928. Two archaeological levels were 

 found, the upper containing a microlithic industry of a type so far unknown in 

 Palestine, and the lower a Mousterian which resembled in many respects that already 

 known from the Galilee caves. A number of human skeletons were found in the 

 upper layer, and in the lower some scattered fragments of Neanderthal man. 



Prof. V. Gordon Childe. — The Origin of some Hallstatt Types. 



At the end of the Bronze Age Central Europe was occupied, by a plurality of local 

 cultural groups, divisible by burial rites and economics into two main classes : 

 (1) tumulus-builders practising inhumation as well as cremation, occupying chiefly 

 the higher country and devoted largely to pastoral pursuits ; and (2; urnfield-folk, 

 dwelling by preference in the fertile valleys, and engaged in trade and industry as 

 well as agriculture. The so-called Hallstatt culture is nothing more than these local 

 cultural groups when they have adopted certain new devices. The question as to 

 its origin is therefore in the first instance the question where the distinguishing types 

 were evolved. 



The breach with the Late Bronze Age tradition is in most places best marked by 

 the adoption of safety-pins, then of certain special types of sword, the use of iron 

 and the deposition of harness in the graves. The fibulse are the most instructive. 

 Of early Hallstatt types the most primitive version of the spectacle brooch is found 

 in Styria, where its derivation from a normal Late Bronze Age ornament is obvious, 

 and whence its diffusion along several routes to South-West Germany, Bohemia, 

 Moravia and Silesia, Transylvania, the Balkans, Illyria and Central Italy can be 

 conveniently represented. The harp-fibula, no less distinctive of the early Hallstatt 

 cultures of East Central Europe, again appears in its most primitive form in Styria. 

 The double-twist bow fibula of contemporary deposits in Hungary, Transylvania, 

 Macedonia, Bulgaria and lUj'ria might equally have spread from a similar centre. 



With the spectacle brooch east of the Danube and the Bosna was associated, 

 together with Naue's type II, the antennae sword which has a Late Bronze Age 

 ancestry in the Alpine region, but the oldest specifically Early Iron Age swords appear 

 slightly differentiated on either side of Styria at Glasinac and at Hallstatt. The 

 creation of the above-mentioned specifically Hallstatt types might therefore be 

 ascribed to the urn-field folk of that area. But it is noteworthy that their diffusion 

 is ia many districts associated with inhumations. And it is often in inhumation 

 graves, laid sometimes in the midst of extensive urnfields, that the oldest horse- 

 trappings are found. SchUz holds the Hallstatt skulls from South Germany to belong 

 to a new race there, and it is therefore legitimate to ask whether the diffusion of 

 ' Hallstatt ' types was not due to movements of Illyrian tribes from the west of the 

 Middle Danube plains. 



