APPENDIX. 691 



(A) Skeleton : The diffuse skeleton of the plant in relation to its sedentary habit. 

 The compact skeleton of the mammal and its association with the muscular system 

 in relation to locomotion. The calf muscle of a dissected frog may be examined 

 and its action investigated. The actions of the levers of each of the three orders 

 should be illustrated by movements of the human foot and forearm. The protective 

 function of the skeleton. (The names of the bones are not required at this stage.) 



Third Year (14 plus). 



Field, aquarium or school garden work should be undertaken this year, involving 

 a study of the interrelations of living organisms, animals and plants, with one another 

 and with their environment. The stress is now upon the web of life rather than upon 

 the seasonal change studied in the earlier years. 



Some study of lower organisms illustrating the increasing complexity of the 

 organisation of the body. 



Suggested Syllabus. 

 Autumn Term. 



1. Some tropic responses: e.g. heliotropism, geotropism and hydrotropism in 

 growing plants, and experiments also to illustrate response of Planarian or Daphnid 

 to light, heat and gravity. 



2. The single cell as an organism, illustrated by the structure and functioning of 

 Amoeba, Paramecium and Euglena, Chlamydomonas or Protococcus. 



3. The organisation of cells into more complex individuals, Spirogyra, Volvox, 

 Hydra. Mucor as showing a simple type of multicellular structure ; its mode of 

 nutrition. Some reference may be introduced here to bacteria and their relation to 

 the soil and to disease. The nitrogen cycle. 



Spring Term. 



1. Organisms illustrating differentiation of organs with division of labour, 

 (a) The Fern. 



(6) The Earthworm. External characters. Alimentary canal, nervous and 

 excretory systems to be examined in a dissected specimen by the naked eye 

 and hand lens. (Reproductive organs not required.) 



2. Increasing complexity of organs of locomotion, illustrated by Planarian, 

 parapodia of Nereis, leg and wing of Butterfly. 



3. Increasing complexity of anterior end of animal as a head. Illustrated by 

 external features of Planarian, Nereis and Butterfly. 



Summer Term. 

 The study of living plants and animals on the lines indicated above. 



Fourth Year (15 plus). 



Revision of the structure and physiology of the flowering plant and mammal, 

 An elementary knowledge of Chemistry will be found useful at this stage as bearing 

 upon the subject matter of physiology. For example, experiments may be carried 

 out to determine the elements necessary for the growth of plant in culture solutions ; 

 Fehling's test mav be used in relation to digestion of starch by human saliva, and 

 similarly the action of pepsin may be investigated. The mammalian eye may be 

 briefly considered, and experiments performed upon skin sensation. Further study 

 of human physiology and hygiene. 



Immensity of space and time. Some slight reference to extinct monsters, illus- 

 trating how animals have changed. Evidences of Evolution. The recent introduction 

 of Man. 



The relation of Man to his biological environment. His disturbing mfluence. 

 Civilisation based on the domestication of plants and animals. The history of a 

 few selected food plants and animals, including brief reference to one or two of their 

 insect and worm pests. Insects as carriers of human diseases. Vegetable and animal 

 products in industries and manufactures, e.g. cotton, timber, paper, wool, silk. Any 

 other relations of the study of biology to human affairs as illustrated by local conditions. 



(The subject matter of the last two paragraphs will necessarily be treated briefly, 

 upon essay lines.) 



