Mr Oaxley, Magnetic Susceptibility with Temperature. 65 
The Variation of Magnetic Susceptibility with Temperature. 
Part II. On Aqueous Solutions. By A. E. Oxtry, M.Sc. 
(Sheffield), B.Sc. (London), B.A., Senior Scholar and Coutts 
Trotter Student, Trinity College. 
[Received 4 December 1912.] 
(1) Introduction. 
In the examination of the relation between the concentration 
of an aqueous solution of a salt of a ferromagnetic element and its 
‘magnetic susceptibility*, it was hoped that some light would be 
thrown on the existence of complex hydrates, in the case at least 
of very dilute solutions. That such hydrates exist is now beyond 
‘doubt. They are detected by experiments on conductivity and 
-absorptiony and are responsible for the abnormal lowering of the 
freezing point of the solutions. The examination referred to above 
gave no testimony of the existence of such hydrated systems, and 
the conclusion of that research was that the complex groups, 
which have an ion or salt molecule as nucleus, are unstable, so 
unstable in fact that the core rotates on the application of the 
‘magnetic field independent of the surrounding shell of water 
molecules. 
Pascal} has examined the magnetic properties of solutions of 
metallic salts in water to find if any additive law holds, but no 
quantitative deductions could be made on account of the marked 
characteristic properties of the metallic elements. 
___ There is considerable evidence§|| that the liquid and solid states 
_of matter are consequences of complex aggregations of molecules 
and not merely of a close approach of the simple molecules con- 
sidered as individual particles. In other words, the transition 
from the gaseous to the liquid state or from the liquid to the solid 
state is of a quasi-chemical rather than of a physical nature. If 
part of the solvent be united indeterminately with the solute, 
then the representation of the susceptibility of the solution as the 
algebraic sum of the susceptibilities of the solvent and of the 
solute—a common mode of representation—corresponds to no 
physical reality. 
* A. E. Oxley, Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc., Vol. xvt. p. 421, 1912. 
+ Vide H. C. Jones, ‘‘Hydrates in Aqueous Solutions.” <‘‘Absorption Spectra 
of Solutions.” 
~ Ann. de Chim. et de Phys., Sér. vit. 19, p. 70, 1910. 
§ For liquids, see the researches of H. C. Jones and his co-workers given in the 
volumes mentioned in the reference above. 
| For solids, reference may be made to numerous researches on micro-structure 
and on the constitution of alloys, 
VOL. XVII. PT. 1. 4) 
