C— GEOLOGY 83 



the clay-with-flints, and an abraded AcheuHan implement, with remains 

 of mammoth, woolly rhinoceros and the straight-tusked elephant, have 

 been found in the loo-ft. terrace of the river Avon. The 50-ft. terrace 

 has yielded an abraded late Acheulian implement, and the overlying 

 brickearth a Mousterian point. The neighbouring caves of Aveline's 

 Hole and Cough's Cave are well known for their Late Aurignacian and 

 Magdalenian industries. But in this driftless area, the relations of the 

 various cave and other deposits to the terraces and drifts farther north 

 and north-east have yet to be satisfactorily elucidated. 



From Barnwood, near Gloucester, Mr. M. C. Burkitt has described 

 an axe-like implement of possibly Late Acheulian or Early Mousterian 

 age, found in gravel and associated with bones of mammoth and woolly 

 rhinoceros. A neighbouring gravel-pit yielded a Mousterian point, also 

 accompanied by remains of mammoth. 



I have as yet made no reference to recent discoveries of prehistoric 

 human industries in definite geological settings outside Britain. We 

 live in an age when such discoveries are made in rapid succession. To 

 review the investigations on the border-line of geology and archaeology 

 that have been prosecuted in various European countries, in Egypt, 

 East Africa, South Africa and China, would take more space than is 

 available to me. The labours of investigators too numerous to mention 

 here have furnished valuable results, but they also serve to demonstrate 

 that it would be premature to attempt world-wide correlations of the 

 geological and climatic phenomena accompanying human industries. 

 In particular, the correlation of British glacial episodes with those of the 

 Alps, as established by Penck and Bruckner, seems always to have exer- 

 cised a peculiar fascination for archaeologists. I have refrained from 

 any such comparison, although nothing would appear to be simpler than 

 to correlate the four major glacial episodes of Britain with the Giinz, 

 Mindel, Riss and Wiirm ice-advances of the Eastern Alps. If the various 

 human industries are broadly contemporaneous from the Alps to Britain, 

 such a correlation would be strengthened, and the fifth glaciation of 

 Britain (the Scottish re-advance) would be represented in the Alps by 

 the Wiirm II or Buhl episode. In my opinion, however, it is still too 

 early to claim that such a correlation has been established, for we have 

 no proof (even if we admit the probability) that the first glaciation of the 

 Alpine area was synchronous with that of eastern England. Moreover, 

 reference to the works of such European authorities as Penck, Obermaier, 

 Breuil, Wiegers and Wohlstedt, to mention only a few, shows astonishing 

 differences of opinion regarding the correlation of the Alpine glacial 

 and interglacial phases with human industries in other parts of Europe. 

 In leaving the question still open, I would only remark in passing that a 

 correlation such as that recently attempted by my friend Sir Arthur 

 Keith is not likely to find favour among geologists. Sir Arthur uses the 

 fourfold glaciations of the Eastern Alps in order to correlate the episodes 

 with British glaciations ; then, since the sequence does not fit, he omits 

 from the middle the Riss glaciation. Now, with all respect, I submit 

 that this is like having your cake — in this instance an iced cake — as well 



