178 SECTIONAL ADDRESSES 



shade. While the variants in Set X are members of the same class, in 

 that they are obviously lamps, slippers, etc., the variants of Set Y have the 

 same fundamental relationships of form. The character of the outline 

 is determined by the one original. 



Six subjects took part in the experiments vs^ith Set X, and four of them 

 continued with Set Y. The five cards constituting a series were shown 

 serially to the individual subjects under the same conditions as in the 

 picture experiments. The order of objects or shapes was kept constant 

 and an immediate recall was asked for. The subject was required to 

 draw a reproduction of what she had seen on a card of similar size, and 

 was provided with a box of chalks containing the full range of hues and 

 shades. In addition to her drawing, the subject wrote any introspective 

 report or comment that she wished. After giving this immediate recall of 

 the series seen at that sitting the subject was asked for a delayed recall of 

 the series seen a week earlier. 



It would be unsuitable to give a detailed report of these experiments. 

 I want here to confine myself to presenting a table of the objects and 

 shapes which were reproduced best and worst, and to noting salient 

 points about the recalls. 



Each reproduction was scored for accuracy in colour, shade, and form 

 (including orientation). Marking for size was tried but abandoned ; a 

 drawing that was too large because of an addition or too small because of 

 an omission involved debiting the same error twice. Drawing the object 

 or shape consistently smaller than the original was in one case an individual 

 characteristic. One mark was given for correct colour (half for hue, 

 half for shade) and one mark or a fraction, according to the proportion of 

 the whole form correctly reproduced. The tables (pp. 179-80) give the 

 results. Roman numerals indicate the series and Arabic the objects and 

 shapes. 



The number of persons taking part in the experiment is so small that 

 quantitative results have no great significance. Taking the five series 

 together, the object and the shape which secures the highest average 

 score in immediate recall is the one that stands first. Position would 

 again seem to be a determining factor in recall. If the objects and shapes 

 marked b and w — best and worst — in the delayed recall are compared with 

 those marked in the two recalls taken together, it will be seen that there is 

 close agreement. 



The fifth variant of the second object — viz. slipper — is slightly better on 

 joint scores than the fifth variant of the third object, book, which had the 

 best average in immediate recall. The fifth variant of the fifth object, 

 teapot, is the worst in both immediate and delayed recall. It has gained 

 nothing from its end position, though the last cards of the series have a 

 high average score. 



When these best and worst scores are analysed into the mark given for 

 colour and that given for form, colour and form contribute equally to the 

 score of the book in immediate recall, form more than colour to the score 

 of the slipper. 



Colour and form are responsible for the low score of the fifth teapot, 

 and colour for the low score of the fourth candlestick. The first best 



