28 SCIENTIFIC SURVEY OF YORK AND DISTRICT 



worthy of note are Vicia lathyroides, Lathy rus palustris, Rosa pimpinelli- 

 folia, Bupleurum rotundifoliutn, Cicuta virosa, Stum latifolium, Cnicus 

 eriophorus, Lactuca virosa, Atropa Belladonna, Pinguicula vulgaris. Poly- 

 gonum Bistorta, Epipactis palustris, Habenaria viridis, Acorus Calamus, 

 Lemna gibba, Damasonium stellatum, Lastrea Thelypteris and Botrychium 

 Lunaria. The cowslip is very abundant in the damp meadows, adders- 

 tongue fern is common, so also are Geum rivale and Hottonia palustris. 

 Holderness is the home of the hawthorn, and nowhere is it more beautiful 

 and luxuriant. 



The coast line is very varied, the most striking part being the magnifi- 

 cent chalk cliffs of Flamborough and Bempton. South of Flamborough, 

 the coast consists of low cliffs of glacial deposits undergoing constant 

 erosion, which renders plant colonisation impossible. These clay cliffs 

 pass into the long sand and shingle spit of Spurn Point, which takes the 

 form of a slightly curved and greatly elongated sandhill, partially pro- 

 tecting the Humber from the open sea. Spurn is the most interesting 

 botanising ground in the district, and the following plants may be found : 

 Claytonia perfoliata, Erodium moschatum, Trifolium scabrum, Blackstonia 

 perfoliata, Erigeron acre, Suceda maritima, and Hippophae rhamnoides. 

 Convolvulus Soldanella also is plentiful, and Spurn is particularly attractive 

 when this plant and Ononis are in full flower. 



The fourth part of the coast is that of the south, bordering the estuary 

 of the Humber between Spurn and the Wolds. Here the plant habitats 

 are formed by the banks of mud and sand- which are constantly being 

 deposited and eroded by the river and the tides. These banks afford a 

 most interesting series of successional vegetation states. Glyceria mari- 

 tima, Scirpus maritimus, Armeria maritima, Cochlearia spp., Glaux mari- 

 tima, Triglochin maritimum and Aster Tripolium are conspicuous, and the 

 last-named often grows to great size. 



V. 



ZOOLOGY 



BY 



A. J. A. WOODCOCK. 



The area to which this account refers is contained within a circle of twenty 

 miles radius, with its centre at York. A brief description of the area will 

 be given first, and then some of the more interesting districts within easy 

 distance of York will be mentioned. The western edge of the area 

 includes the junction of the north Pennine Dales with the Plain of York. 

 Through these dales the following rivers enter the district : the Swale 



