ZOOLOGY 35 



ance : the Hey Collection and the North Collection of Land and Fresh 

 Water MoUusca, the AUis Collection of Lepidoptera, and the Hey 

 Collection of Coleoptera. In view of what has been said already about 

 the work which Archdeacon Hey began in 1840, and carried on till his death 

 in 1882, the value of the last-mentioned of these collections will be easily 

 understood. 



Much of the valuable work of the Yorkshire Philosophical Society is 

 carried out by its York and District Field Naturalists' Section. This is an 

 association with a very long history, which was reconstituted in 1874. 

 At the present time it is considering the question of the compilation of a 

 totally new Flora and Fauna of the area to which this account has reference, 

 and it is hoped to make a beginning with the publication of this during 

 the course of the coming year. The Field Naturalists' Section is pre- 

 paring an exhibition in connection with the forthcoming visit of the 

 British Association, and in this it is hoped to gather together much that 

 will be representative of the biology of the district, and be an illustration 

 and amplification of the substance of this account. Its members will also 

 be very pleased to give any information on the subjects of which they 

 have special local knowledge. 



The Annual Report of the Yorkshire Naturalists' Union, published in 

 the Naturalist, surveys yearly the fauna of the district, and the same 

 journal gives records of newly discovered species and the occurrence of 

 rare and occasional visitors. There are also available the very complete 

 local records kept for many years back by the York Naturalists' Sectional 

 Recorders. These are kept in the library of the Yorkshire Philosophical 

 Society. As pertaining particularly to birds, we have also ' The Birds of 

 Yorkshire,' by T. H. Nelson and W. E. Clarke, and ' The Art of an Old 

 Wildfowler,' by S. H. Smith, which applies in particular to the birds of 

 the Derwent Valley. 



In conclusion, I have to express my very great indebtedness to Mr. S. H. 

 Smith, who supplied me with his invaluable notes on the birds and mam- 

 mals ; to Mr. A. Smith, who gave me all his records of local Lepidoptera ; 

 and to Mr. C. Allen, for his information on the fresh waters and their 

 fauna. 



VI. 



HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY 



BY 



PROF. HAMILTON THOMPSON, D.Litt., F.B.A., F.S.A. 



At the point at which York first comes definitely into history, during the 

 Roman occupation, its importance seems to have been inferior to that of 

 the city of Isurium, on the site of Aldborough, close to the junction of 



