372 



SECTIONAL TRANSACTIONS.— H. 



If the belt of cyclones and westerlies included the Mediterranean and North Africa 

 while Europe was covered with ice and the equatorial regions had a great deal of 

 rain, was it legitimate to suppose that the belt of desert was obliterated, or did it lie 

 farther south than at present, as is suggested by the observations of Falconer in 

 Nigeria ? 



Dainelli has worked out phases of glaciation on the northern border of India 

 corresponding to the three later Penck-Briickner phases for Europe. Is it right to 

 make the hypothesis that heavy glaciation on the Central Asiatic and North Indian 

 highlands would weaken the summer monsoon effect and so give parts of India and 

 China dry periods during ice maxima, coupled with heavy flooding of the Indo- 

 Gangetic trough ? 



On the archa9ological side we have the suggestion that both the Chellean and the 

 Aurignacian cultures originated in N. Africa or S.W. Asia and spread thence to 

 Western Europe. We need to know whether the spreads of these, and possibly of 

 other cultures, can be linked up in any way with climatic changes which seem to 

 furnisii possibilities of judging contemporaneity. 



These questions are linked up with those of race. Beyond the region of Europe- 

 Africa-Southwest Asia, the sequence of early cultures seems to be everywhere less full 

 than within those areas. In particular, one finds a mixed upper Palaeolithic culture 

 including Tardenoisian elements in many areas. Where these areas present culs-de-sac 

 there usually survive types which are hyperdolichocephalic with ridged skulls, often 

 strong brows and cheek-bones, and some prognathism, types which recall certain 

 types found both in the Aurignacian layers and, in places, up to modern times ■within 

 the Euro- African area mentioned. Are we, in face of the traces of migrations of early 

 date, connected probably with climatic changes ? 



See table facing this page. 



Mr. L. S. B. Leakey gave the following account of The Pluvial Sequence in East 

 Central Africa and the Question of Glacial Pluvial Correlation. 



The following table reads from below upwards : — 

 Name of Period. Culture. 



Nakurian 



Makalian 



Decline of 

 Gamblian II. 



Gamblian II 



Dry pause 



Gamblian I 



Late Kenya Wilton Nakuru 

 Culture. 



Period of aridity. 

 Early Kenya Wilton 

 Elmenteitan. 



Notes. 

 Second small post- 

 Pluvial wet phase. 



First small wet period 

 or post-Pluvial wet 

 phase. 



Period of aridity and drying up of lakes. 



] K. very late Aiu'ignacian. Decline of Pluvial. 

 . f K. StUlbay. 



^ Late Kenya Aurignacian. 

 Late Kenya Monster ian. 



A long Pluvial period 

 with a marked pause 

 in middle. 



Earlj' Kenya Aurignacian 



Early Kenya Mousterian. 

 Period of intense earth movements. Rift Valley faulting and volcanic 

 eruptions. Volcanoes such as Longonot, Menengai, &c., formed. 



Dry Period. 

 Kenya Acheulean 



Kamasian 



? (Subdivisions not 

 worked out) 



Kenya late Chellean 



A very long Pluvial 

 period with possible 

 subdivisions not yet 

 worked out. 



Cultures at present onlj' 

 known in the top of 

 the series of deposits. 



The result of the work which we have carried out in East Africa from 1926 to 1929 

 is that we have established the following sequence of events during the comparatively 

 recent geological period of the Pleistocene and recent times, and we have also been 



