378 SECTIONAL TRANSACTIONS.— H. 



were certainly four ; Range (1926) adopts four ; K. Keilhaek (1926) holds for five, 

 with three of them represented in N. Germany. 



The classification of the German Loess is also uncertain. According to Soergel, 

 loess occurs on three main horizons ; K. KeUhack attributes its deposition to five 

 epochs — those of the Giinz, Mindel, Riss and two in the Wiirm. As to the age and 

 correlation of some of the beds of loess there is marked disagreement. 



The local character of the glacial successions renders this uncertainty in correlation 

 intelligible. Thus, instead of the ice having advanced all across north Germany with 

 a continuous front, it apparently invaded different areas at different times. Thus, 

 Keulen (1927) refers to the ' West to East wandering of the glaciated districts ' and 

 holds that the second glaciation did not extend over N.E. Prussia. 



A further test of the correlation of the English and N. German glaciations is 

 afforded by the Scandinavian erratics. If they were carried by land ice 600 miles 

 from the area of the rhomb-porphjTy in the Oslo Fiord to Yorkshire and Norfolk, the 

 Scandina\ian ice should at the same time have overflowed into N. Germany. According 

 to Prof. Boswell the Scandinavian boulders in England are pre-Chellean or according 

 to an alternative correlation, pre-Acheulean ; so that we should expect the maximum 

 development of the Scandinavian ice to have been in the Lower Pateohthic ; but in 

 Germany the invasion of the plains of Hanover by ice which deposited such vast 

 numbers of northern boulders that the cobbled roads are a museum of Swedish and 

 Baltic rocks — was in the time of the Flaming moraine. It is assigned to the Warthe 

 stage of the last glaciation and is referred to the upper Mousterian. 



In reference to the arguments based on the Scandinavian erratics, it should be 

 remembered that those found in England came from low ground bends, the Oslo 

 Fiord, and not from the high mountains of S.W. Scandinavia ; and as the conspicuous 

 rocks which the ice from those mountains would have crossed have not been found in 

 England, the transport of those rocks by glaciers appears doubtful. The fact that 

 those boulders come from the Baltic coast, and those in Holland include fossiliferous 

 rocks from the bed of the eastern Baltic, makes the dispersal across the North Sea 

 easier to explain by floating ice, and the blocking of the eastward flow of the British 

 ice, for which the Scandinavian ice was involved, may be accounted for by earth 

 movements in the bed of the North Sea. That extensive earth movements happened 

 in Germany during the glacial period is now widely accepted ; and the correlation of 

 the German glacial deposits is being rendered the more complex by the claim that 

 some of the main features in the glaciated areas are due to glacial and post-glacial 

 earth movements (e.g. Soergel, 1923 ; Kraus, 1925 ; Beurlen, 1927). 



As regards the correlation of the North German drifts and the Palaeolithic stages 

 there is also considerable difference of opinion. Wohlstedt classifies the upper part 

 of the German glacial series as follows : — 



Weichsel (Vistula) Glaciation Its recession — Magdalenian =Wiirm and Baltic 



Its maximum — Solutrian Terminal Moraines 



Weichsel — Warthe Interglacial Aurignacian 



Warthe Glaciation (with Flaming moraine) Late Mousterian (Inferentially=Riss) 

 Warthe-Saale Interglacial Early Mousterian (InferentiaUy Mindel) 



Saale Glaciation 



According to Boswell the general view is that the Mousterian was in the Riss- 

 Wiirm Interglacial epoch — the view, amongst others, of Soergel and Penck. But 

 according to Beyer the Mousterian was coincident with the Riss glaciation. According 

 to Wiegers (1920) the Riss glaciation was late Acheulean, and the Mousterian lasted 

 to the Wiirm. Wohlstedt ranks the Mousterian as coincident with the Flaming 

 Moraine and the maximum of the Warthe glaciation, which from his classification 

 would be equivalent to the Riss ; the earlier Mousterian (Micoquian) he correlates 

 with the Saale-\^'arthe Interglacial. According to his views the Saale glaciation 

 would be the Mindel ; whereas according to Van Werveke it is the Riss. 



Hence the classification of the North German drifts is uncertain as regards number 

 of glaciations, the position of the associated beds of loess, and correlation with the 

 British and Alpine glaciations. Detailed correlation with more distant areas must 

 be still more difficult. 



Well established coincidences in weather and rainfall in remote localities show- 

 that they are affected by ^^o^ld-wide meteorological variations. Hence there is no 

 improbability in the syncln'onism of a glacial period in one area with a glacial develop- 



