416 SECTIONAL TRANSACTIONS.— L. 



crucial differences made (a) by the pupil's success or failure in the study, (b) by the 

 presence or absence of his goodwill. 



The subjective method clearly can be used to good purpose only where the 

 disciplinary effect has taken place within consciousness. This does not imply full 

 consciousness of details, nor does it necessarily imply such experience as can be 

 rendered into words. But it does imply some effect on attitude or effect on idea. If 

 something other than these takes place outside consciousness — if the growth of some 

 capacity is stimulated or some ' faculty ' directly strengthened — this method cannot 

 report upon it. Whether such other effects do take place, and what objective 

 methods can be devised to detect or disprove them, are most important questions 

 outside the scope of this paper. 



(c) Prof. F. A. Cavanagh. — Some Further Practical Considerations. 



(d) Discussion (opened by Prof. C. W. Valentine, Mr, A. E. Lynam). 



Tuesday, September 9. 



English and Foreign Ideas on Method of Education in relation 

 TO Industry and Commerce : — 



(a) Mr. W. Henderson Pringle. — Higher Commercial Education — 

 Some Developments and Obstacles. 



The present position of English higher commercial education outside of the 

 universities. Co-ordinated effort required. Diflficulties in the way — particularly 

 the chaotic condition of local administrative areas. A suggested solution. The 

 governing bodies of the larger colleges. 



(fe) Sir Francis W. Goodenough, C.B.E. — A Business Man's View of 

 Education for Commerce. 



The importance of science in commerce and industry — the need of scientific 

 methods of market research and marketing — modern conditions demand employment 

 of skilled personnel not only in production but in management and marketing — 

 amateur minds and methods incapable of contending with trained foreign com- 

 petitors — facts pointed out 20 years ago by Sir Robert Blair before the British 

 Association — great advance since in technical education (for Production) : very 

 little progress in commercial education (for Marketing) — Business men not asking 

 for early specialisation, but for suitable general education as prelude to special 

 education and training — Ideals in business — Commerce a worthy profession — 

 Importance of character and ability as well as knowledge — Every profession needs 

 specialised as well as fundamental education — The training required for Commerce — 

 The need for close co-operation between business men and educationists — Hopeful 

 outlook. 



(c) Dr. W. A. Richardson. — The Technical College and Continued 



Education in Relation to Industry. 



In mediaeval times the master craftsmen provided not only the practical training 

 and theoretical knowledge needed by the apprentices, but strove also to give an 

 education in citizenship. Whilst industry stUl gives and must give the greater part 

 of the practical training necessary to the man in industry, the university, technical 

 college and continuation school in their different forms provide the technical know- 

 ledge. In all countries the education given depends upon the type of industrial 

 work. Members of the administrative, designing and scientific staff are in this 

 country drawn partly from the universities, but abroad exclusively from highly 

 specialised technical colleges, where full-time studies extending over a number of 

 years are taken. In these the contact with industry is provided mainly by professors 

 and lecturers who, by consultation or otherwise, have some share in industrial life. 

 In England, however, men to fill the higher posts are also largely drawn from workers 



