BIGELOW: COAST WATER EXPLORATION OF 19138. 255 
Admiralty (1903) there is a northerly drift into the east side of the 
Gulf of Maine; and our own records of salinity show that an indraught 
of comparatively saline water does take place more or less constantly 
into the eastern side of the Gulf. But it must be slow, or intermit- 
tent, for Dawson’s (1905) measurements of currents failed to show 
any dominant drift along the west coast of Nova Scotia. And the 
organisms which it carries with it are good evidence that Gulf Stream 
as well as St. Lawrence water enters into its makeup. In short, it is 
extremely doubtful whether the Cabot Current can be traced, as an 
observable or measurable drift beyond Nova Scotia. Consequently 
the southwesterly currents noted south of New York (p. 230) require 
some other explanation. 
In 1907, Pettersson offered a totally different explanation for our 
cold coast water, namely, that it was not northern water flowing 
southward, but water welling up from the Atlantic abyss. And 
although few, if any oceanographers have adopted this view in its 
entirety, both Schott (1912) and Kriimmel (1911) believe that there 
is more or less upwelling along our coast, particularly in winter. 
And Clark (1914) maintains that the cold water off Nova Scotia must 
be abyssal in part, to account for the distribution of crinoids. 
Upwelling, whether on a large or a small scale, must obviously 
largely depend on the prevailing direction of the wind; consequently 
along our coast, where off shore winds prevail in winter, winds parallel 
to the coast in summer, it might be expected to be seasonal. And 
for this reason our data for 1913 can only be expected to show its pres- 
ence or absence in summer. But they are worth analyzing, because 
the occurrence of upwelling in this region has so far been deduced 
from theoretical grounds, rather than from actual observation, previous 
knowledge of subsurface salinity on the continental shelf being practi- 
cally nil. If abyssal water had been flowing up the continental slope 
in any considerable amount at the time of our voyage, salinity and 
| temperature would necessarily reveal its presence, just as they do in 
| parts of the oceans where there is a well-marked updraught of bottom 
water, next the coast. Perhaps as useful an index as any in the warm 
months, in temperate zones, is surface temperature, for in regions otf 
| active upwelling, the constant access of cold water from below retards 
seasonal warming, and consequently causes the surface to be abnor- 
mally cold. And unless the updraught should extend along the whole 
| coast line, a most improbable supposition, the cold region would be sur- 
‘rounded by warmer surface water, north and south as well as off shore, 
just as it is off the coast of California (McEwen, 1912), and off the 
