256 BULLETIN: MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. 
southwest coast of Africa (Schott, 1902, taf. 8). Subsurface tempera- 
tures would reveal upwelling by continuity between the cold water 
near the surface and in the abyss; and surface salinity in regions of 
active upwelling, is about the same as the salinity of the layer from — 
which the updraught comes, as is very clearly illustrated by the 
salinity curves off the coast of Morocco (Schott, 1912, pl. 33). 
I have already pointed out (1914a) that the salinities and tempera- 
tures of the Gulf of Maine in 1912 do not suggest upwelling, except 
locally on a small scale; and the records for the winter of 1912-1913 
and for the summer of 1913 all support this view. If abyssal water 
enters at all into the complex of the Gulf of Maine it must be in such 
insignificant amount that it has no appreciable effect on its tempera- 
ture or salinity. However, this semi-enclosed basin may well differ 
hydrographically from the waters over the shelf south and west of 
Cape Cod. 
In weighing the evidence of temperature, we must first consider 
whether the surface over the continental shelf is abnormally cold, 
as 1t has usually been characterized, most recently by Clark (1914). 
So firmly grounded is this idea, that the waters of the Gulf of Maine 
have often been called “Arctic.” But, as I have already pointed 
out (1914a, 1914b) the observations in the Gulf of Maine during the 
summers of 1912 and 1913 and the winter of 1912 and 1913, corrobo- 
rate Verrill’s early contention that its temperature is nearly normal 
for its geographic location. It is, of course, much colder than the 
Gulf Stream; its surface temperature 7°-9° lower than the average 
for its latitude (Kriimmel, 1907). But the waters of its deeps are no 
colder than the mean annual air temperature over the part of its 
watershed from which blow the chilling winds of winter, with their 
accompanying snowfall (1914a, p. 97). And the bottom temperature 
of its eastern basin in 1913, was almost precisely the same as the mean 
annual temperature of the air at Yarmouth, on the neighboring Nova 
Scotian coast (43.3° as given by the Nova Scotian Coast Pilot, British 
Admiralty 1903, p. 11), and about a degree warmer than the mean for 
the year at St. John, New Brunswick, on the Bay of Fundy. And as 
Tizard (1907) has pointed out, the coast water is warmer off New 
York in summer than off England, and even in November its surface 
temperature is no lower than west of Ireland, though the latter is 
commonly described as warmed by the Atlantic Current. In short, 
as Schott (1897) and others have insisted, it is more because of its 
contrast with the Gulf Stream than because of its absolute tempera- 
ture that the coolness of our coast water has so impressed itself on 
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