516 THE J OCRNALEORAGROROGN . 
emerges a subglacial torrential river, carrying an enormous 
amount of ground and disintegrated rock—mud. It looks 
almost too thick to flow. In consequence of its eroding action 
and the pressure of the moving glacier, its vaulted ice roof near 
the ice front from time to time collapses, and large masses of 
ice are then carried out to sea by the rushing waters. Water is 
found issuing from other parts of the glacier, and not only from 
underneath but at various points on its face, but only in small 
streams, and is generally clear or has the characteristic milky 
color, Although the leteater sparusorythe piace sor mthenlacien 
looks ‘‘dirty,” yet but very few stones are imbedded therein. 
There is a large quantity of débris on the surface of the glacier, 
brought down many miles from the eastern arm. The débris is 
composed of material varying from fine gravel to large bowlders. 
An interesting feature of the photographs obtained is the 
morainic ridge that borders almost continuously the ice front. 
Its height is about five feet. Examining the photographs of 
July 13 and August 11, taken from the same station, it is seen 
that the mounds of which the ridge is composed have changed. 
This change, like the mounds themselves, is not due to addition 
of detritus from the face of the glacier, otherwise the accumula- 
tion of matter would lie in contact with the ice, which is not the 
case. The formation of the ridge, and consequently any 
chang®é thereof, is due to the motion of the toe of the glacier. 
A side-view photograph taken just beside the glacier makes this 
apparent. 
When we approach the glacier within one or two hundred 
yards, we meet with depressions in the fluvio-glacial deposit, 
which increase in depth and sharpness of outline as we advance. 
The depressions or holes have a maximum depth of about five 
feet and diameter of about fifteen feet. Ina few of the deeper 
ones a pool of clear water was found. The cause of these 
depressions is not very apparent. They have not been exca- 
vated by streams, but to explain them by the melting of parts 
of the glacier which projects for some distance underneath the 
terminal deposit, though plausible, is yet not quite satisfactory. 
