628 THE JOURNAL OF GEOLOGY. 
marked transverse bedding is often observed, indicating more 
troubled water than during the deposit of the underlying clay. 
Some parts of these sands contain many nut-brown concretions 
of a much rounder form than those from the clay. A large 
number of these were broken, but only two or three contained 
traces of vegetable matter or portions of insects as a nucleus. 
Peaty matter may be found in small amounts in the sand, and at 
a few points fresh-water shells were found along with the con- 
cretions, Sphzrium striatinum and Succinea obliqua, according to 
determination of Mr. C. T. Simpson. The Succineas seem almost 
too fresh and well preserved to be of inter-glacial age, but they 
are found nowhere except in the sand beds below the lower till, 
and the evidence of their age seems pretty conclusive. 
The beds just described were deposited in water having a 
level at least 140 feet above that of the present Lake Ontario; 
and they may have been considerably thicker than we find them 
now, for there is clear evidence that they were greatly eroded 
before the overlying till was spread out. At the Dutch Church 
not only the sands but the stratified clays also were cut through 
by a stream valley, for we find the bowlder clay filling a hollow 
that reaches below the level of the lake. Hinde supposes that 
the ice of the glacier ploughed out this deep valley; but there is 
no reason to suppose that this portion only should have been 
excavated by the ice front while the same materials were left 
untouched on each side. The bedding of the clay is scarcely 
disturbed right up to the contact with the till, which would be 
impossible if the snout of the glacier had ploughed its way 
through, but is intelligible if it simply filled a preéxisting valley. 
The till which follows is of the usual description, a blue 
calcareous clay charged with polished and striated pebbles of lime- 
stone and black Utica shale, with a few Laurentian bowlders. 
This bed of till is continuous from end to end of the section 
except at a point about one mile and a half east of Victoria Park, 
where probably by subsequent erosion, it is thinned out to 
nothing for about 300 yards. There is a deep hollow in the till at 
the Dutch Church, where it dips down to the lake, perhaps an 
