696 THE JOURNAL OF GEOLOGY. 
three miles of Clements. A mile west of Strong City it is 
carried below the surface by a synclinai fold, but it reappears 
west of Simmons Creek three miles west of Strong City, where 
it forms a prominent ledge on the northern side of the valley 
which is conspicuous from the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fé 
trains. It also forms a prominent ledge on the southeastern 
bank of the river below and above Elmdale, as well as on the 
northwestern side, some distance from the river until within four 
miles of Clements, where it becomes more conspicuous on the 
laciksiners ramen (See, 12, 20 S,, © 1B )o This ledge, a massive 
bluish-gray stratum in places seven feet or more in thickness, 
frequently breaks on the edges into large blocks, with sharp 
angles and rough, jagged surface, which usually weather to a 
color not dissimilar to that of bleached bones, hence the name 
‘dry bone limestone” is not especially inappropriate. Professor 
Swallow repeatedly stated that the limestones all through the 
rocks which he called Permian were strongly magnesian and 
regarded their chemical composition as an important character 
in separating the Carboniferous and Permian systems. The pro- 
fessor was in error in this particular and must have considered 
the limestones to be magnesian from their general appearance 
since a chemical analysis of them fails to reveal magnesia in any 
considerable amount.’ This erroneous viéw in reference to their 
chemical composition was noticed by Professor Mudge,’ and the 
error is very evident from an examination of the table of 
*This is well shown by the following analysis of a specimen of the “dry bone 
limestone” from Manhattan, by Mr. Warren Finney, who kindly analyzed a series of 
these limestones for me: 
SiOz - : - - 2.34 per cent. 
Fe.0. - - - - - 0.03 7 
CaCO, - - : - 97.46 * 
MgCoO, - - - - 1.02 . 
Al2O3 - - - - trace 
100.85 os 
CO, = : - : aldleaynl 
? First Bien. Rep. [Kansas] State Board Agri., 1878, Geology of Kansas, p. 70, 
where in describing the Permian and Upper Carboniferous he said, ‘‘ Some of the lime 
has been called magnesian, but analysis has failed to show, in more than a single 
gn, 
