892 THE JOURNAL OF GEOLOGY. 
havn.. During the voyage between these points, a distance of 
about sixty miles, there was hardly a time when less than 100 
were in sight, and it is probably quite within the limits of truth 
to say that 500 were seen between these settlements. So 
abundant were they that from many points the half of the hori- 
zon was concealed by them. 
In the Jacobshavn fjord, the upper part of which at the time 
of our visit (July 23) had not freed itself from the winter’s ice,’ 
bergs were literally packed. In the outer part of the fjord they 
were free to move, and were sailing in and out, under the influ- 
ence of wind and current. But further up the fjord they were 
imprisoned in the surface ice in such numbers as to suggest that 
the fjord had not been freed from ice for several years, and that 
the entire discharge of the huge glacier at the head of the fjord 
for those years was still fast in the ice. 
The bergs in the fjord and near it presented two very dis- 
tinct types: (1) Those whose surfaces were notably irregular, often 
a series of ice needles, and (2) those whose surfaces were rela- 
tivelysmooth. The surfaces of the former corresponded with the 
surface of the glacier above. They were the bergs which had 
moved out in upright positions. The bergs with smooth sur- 
faces, on the other hand, were those which had capsized at some 
stage or other of their history, and since they were still impris- 
oned in the fjord ice, the turning doubtless took place when the 
bergs separated from the glacier. 
The difference in the shape of the upper surfaces was uni- 
formly accompanied by another significant difference. Those 
with smooth surfaces were always clean, while the upper surfaces 
of those with irregular tops were always discolored by a thin, 
discontinuous layer of mud. In this, as well as in their form, 
the surfaces of the irregular-topped bergs corresponded exactly 
with the surface of the glacier which gave them birth. It was 
here apparent that the bergs with clean upper surfaces had 
shifted their positions in the course of their history, while 
*Governor Miiller, of Jakobshavn, is authority for the statement that the fjord is 
not usually freed from ice oftener than once in four or five years. 
