THE GREENLAND EXPEDITION OF 1895. 893 
those with dirty surfaces were still right side up. The conclu- 
sion that bergs with clean surfaces have been tilted or cap- 
sized in the course of their history was first reached at Jakobs- 
havn, but it proved to be of general application. The ends of 
all glaciers seen had their surfaces covered with a sufficient 
amount of débris, mainly wind-blown dust, to give them a dis- 
tinctly grayish appearance. In consequence, every berg originat- 
ing from them, if it set sail without capsizing, must have a discol- 
ored surface. That many bergs do begin their history right side 
up—that is, with the parent glacier surface up—is shown by 
the fact that in the immediate vicinity of the calving glaciers 
the upper surfaces of many of the bergs are discolored. 
In no case did the vertical faces or upper surfaces of the 
bergs about Jacobshavn show bowlders or detritus of any sort. 
This was in perfect harmony with the phenomena exhibited by 
the end of the glacier which had given origin to them, for 
neither its vertical front nor its upper surface showed a single 
stone, large or small, nor any trace of finer material. This in 
itself seems to be sufficient proof that the small amount of fine 
débris upon the upper surface had reached its position at the 
hands of the wind. 
The bergs calved by the Jakobshavn glacier were 100 to 200 
feet above water, and the vertical end-face of the glacier was of 
corresponding height. It is clear, therefore, that the thickness 
of the glacier at its end is very great. That its lower layers, 
and consequently the bottoms of the bergs at the beginning of 
their history were charged with débris, can hardly be doubted. 
Above Jakobshavn, bergs continued to be plentiful through 
the north part of Disco Bay, though perhaps less abundant than 
opposite the Jakobshavn fjord. To the south entrance of the 
Waigat there was rarely a position where as many as fifty might 
not be sighted, and their average size was greater than at any 
point further south. While they did not often exceed eighty 
or one hundred feet in height, they were often 1000 feet or so 
in horizontal extent. Here for the first time occasional bergs 
were seen in which certain well-defined layers of ice, containing 
