58 IEE Sf OOUNAUIE (ONE GIBOULINE 
also occur; in places, plentifully; almost always near the top 
of the crinoidal layer, rarely towards the middle, and never at 
the bottom. They evidently were derived from a slightly greater 
distance than the sandy pebbles, but similar clayey rocks’ occur 
abundantly just above the crinoidal layer in the present section, 
and it does not seem necessary to imagine derivation from any 
considerable distance, since rocks having this lithological char- 
acter may have occurred at a lower horizon not far off. The 
top of the crinoidal layer occasionally shows a heaping up into 
ridges or wave marks. Wave marks are, however, more fre- 
quently and better shown in the layers just below the sandy bed. 
More frequently these wave marks are associated with irregular 
ripple marks making it impossible to determine the direction of 
the markings. Ina general way they may be said to run slightly 
east of north, but the wave marks are hardly sufficiently well 
oriented or distinct to make it worth while to draw conclusions 
from the same. The crinoidal layer frequently shows bedding, 
and in that case, the stratification lines usually incline strongly 
to the west, giving rise to a sort of cross bedding, when seen in 
conjunction with the stratification planes above and below. 
After having studied this layer, it is easy to understand how the 
pebbles in the Cincinnati group at Elk Horn, east of Winchester, 
and in the various Clinton conglomerates, could readily have been 
derived from the layers immediately beneath. 
Winchester (Upper Hudson).—Elk Horn creek is crossed by 
the Cincinnati,. Portsmouth & Virginia railroad about a mile 
and a quarter east of Winchester. This region is about 10 miles 
west of Peebles, and 10 miles southwest of Belfast; it is 39 
miles a little east of south from the Todd’s Fork locality. Bite 
trestle crossing the creek is about 75 feet high. Down the creek 
from the bridge is a magnificent exposure of wave-marked Cin- 
cinnati rock. The highest hills around Winchester, and also in the 
direction of Elk Horn and Brush creeks, show Cincinnati rocks, 
so that this exposure must lie at least 60 feet beneath the level 
of the Clinton. The wave marks are exposed for several hundred 
feet along the bed of the creek below the bridge. The crests 
