74 LAE WfOOLINAL NOL NS GIAO LOGAN. 
which might be mistaken for the drift, it is clear that we have 
in the torrents no explanation of the drift itself. 
Lakes and seas. By their waves and currents lakes and seas 
effect extensive transportation. Along the bases of steep cliffs 
storm waves sometimes have sufficient strength to move loose 
masses of rock many tons in weight. But bowlders so large as 
those common to the drift cannot be moved by the water of 
lakes or seas except along shores where waves are violent. Even 
along shores subject to strong waves, great bowlders cannot suf- 
fer extensive transportation at the hands of waves and currents. 
Even where the movements of the water are competent to trans- 
port them, they are worn out, or at any rate greatly reduced in 
size, before being carried far. Yet some of the huge bowlders of 
the drift have journeyed scores and even hundreds of miles, and 
that over regions where there is not only an absence of evidence 
that shores existed, but where, on the contrary, there is the best of 
evidence that shores did not exist during the time of drift forma- 
tion, and where there is the best of evidence that seas or lakes 
have not existed since that time. Neither sea nor lakes can be 
responsible for their present position. 
Again, deposits made by seas and lakes are composed of 
materials which are well assorted and stratified. The larger part 
of the drift is neither assorted nor stratified. Deposits made by 
seas and lakes contain relics of the plant and animal life which 
inhabited them while the deposits were making. The great body 
of the drift is devoid of lacustrine and marine fossils. In certain 
restricted localities, however, the drift contains marine fossils and 
in certain other restricted localities lacustrine fossils. The sig- 
nificance of these exceptions will be noted later. In spite of 
them the statement remains true that marine and lacustrine fos- 
sils are generally absent from the great body of the drift. It is 
hardly necessary to state that where the drift is made up in part 
of rock which contains fossils, these fossils reappear in the drift. 
Such fossils have no significance except in showing what forma- 
tions contributed to the drift of the localities where the fossils exist. 
Deposits made by standing water are necessarily restricted in 
