76 WED J OWWINUL HE (GIS OLOG NG 
area was high at the same time that the drift area was submerged, 
if the sea was concerned as a principal agent in the origin of the 
drift. Such a supposition, if made, would have to be made not 
only without supporting evidence, but in the face of abundant and 
positive adverse evidence. If anything further need be said in 
refutation of the violent hypothesis referred to above, reference 
might be made to the position and relations of the line which 
marks the southern terminus of the drift. It will be remembered 
that this line is far from horizontal. Not only this, but it is a 
line which could not have been deformed from a horizontal posi- 
tion by post-drift warping. Without inquiring whence the sea 
could have derived material for such coarse deposits as the drift, in 
case the whole of the drift-covered territory was submerged, such 
extensive transportation of coarse material as the drift demon- 
strates could not have taken place at the hands of water alone. 
Thus from the cursory examination of a few of its character- 
istics it is seen not only that lakes and seas, unaided by other 
agencies, fail to account for the drift, but that the drift bears in 
itself and in its relations, positive and conclusive testimony 
against the suggestion of its genesis at the hands of lakes or sea, 
acting as principal agents. The nature and the arrangement of 
the striz on the rock beneath the drift would alone disprove its 
origin at the hands of any body of standing water. Were each 
feature of the drift, and each feature of the underlying rock exam- 
ined in detail with reference to the possibility of its origin at the 
hands of standing water as principal agent, the combined testi- 
mony of all would be found to be overwhelming against the 
notion of such an origin. 
If seas and lakes were not principal factors in the production 
of the drift as a whole, it does not follow that they were not sub- 
ordinate factors, or that locally they were not of great importance. 
WATER AND ICE CO-OPERATING. 
Shore-ice or pan-ice co-operating with the water of lakes and seas. 
—It has already been seen that streams, even when aided by 
the ice which forms upon their surfaces in winter, cannot account 
