EUROPEAN GLACIAL DEPOSITS. 249 
the interglacial peat, etc., of Holstein, Rixdorf, Kottbus, Mos- 
cow, etc.; the lignites of Switzerland and Bavaria; certain 
beach-accumulations in northern France; the interglacial depos- 
its of Cantal; and the marine terraces cut in thé lower breccias 
of Gibraltar. 
To the same horizon I would assign a considerable proportion 
of the Pleistocene river-deposits of the Thames, the Seine, the 
Rhine, etc., as well as many of the cave accumulations of west- 
ern Europe. But to these and other Pleistocene deposits occur- 
ring in extra-glacial regions, reference will be made in the sequel. 
V. POLANDIAN. 
To this stage belong the glacial and fluvio-glacial accumula- 
tions of the minor Scandinavian mer de glace, and the corresponding 
deposits in the mountain tracts of central and southern Europe. 
The extreme limits reached by the minor ice-sheet have been 
only approximately ascertained, and cannot at present be repre- 
sented by a hard-and-fast line. As the ice-sheet extended well 
into Poland, this has suggested the provisional name given to the 
stage. 
The Polandian includes the ‘“‘upper bowlder-clay’ 
ciated fluvio-glacial deposits of the British Islands; the ‘‘ upper 
diluvium”’ of central Germany, Poland, west-central Russia, 
5) 
and asso- 
etc.; and the ground moraines and terminal moraines of the 
“inner zone” (Alps) together with their accompanying gravels. 
Contemporaneous with these are certain valley moraines in other 
mountain regions; as also rubble-drifts and alluvial accumula- 
tions in extra-glacial tracts. 
That the Polandian forms a clearly marked stage is shown 
not only by the circumstance that it is separated from the Sax- 
onian by the intervening Helvetian, but by the notable fact that 
the path followed by the minor mer de glace did not quite coin- 
cide with that pursued by the preceding greater ice-sheet. Thus 
in southern Scotland the track of the later ice-flow crosses that 
of the former in some places nearly at right angles, and the 
same is the case upon the Continent. The maximum ice-sheet, 
