HLUROPEAN GEACIAL DEPOSITS. 251 
evidence as to climatic and geographical conditions furnished by 
the Lower Forestian of northwest Europe is abundant and clear. 
The wide horizontal and vertical distribution of forest trees 
betokens not only a more extensive land-surface than the present, 
but ‘a better climate. The fauna of the Lzforina-beds also indi- 
cates the former existence of more genial conditions in our seas. 
IX. LOWER TURBARIAN. 
This stage is most characteristically represented by the peat 
which immediately overlies the lower forest-bed of our turbar- 
ies; by the calcareous tufas of Scandinavia, etc.; by the Carse- 
clays and raised beaches of Scotland, and the Scandinavian 
Littorina-beds in part, and by valley-moraines and corrie-moraines. 
The invasion by the sea which marked the passing of the Lower 
Forestian stage was continued into the Lower Turbarian stage. 
The climate at the same time became more humid and colder— 
hence the restriction of forest-growth and the increase of snow- 
fields. In Scotland glaciers here and there came down to the 
sea and dropped their moraines upon the beach-deposits—the 
large majority, however, terminated inland, some of these being 
true valley-glaciers while a larger number were corrie-glaciers. 
The general distribution of the moraines indicates a snow-line 
ranging between 2000 and 2600 feet. In Norway the glaciers 
were correspondingly of more importance——the position of their 
moraines pointing to a snow-line in South Norway of 2400 feet 
or thereabout In the Alpine Lands this stage appears to be 
represented by the terminal moraines of the so-called ‘second 
post-glacial stage.” 
X. UPPER FORESTIAN. 
Overlying the Lower Turbarian of northwest Europe we 
come again and again upon a second buried forest. The flora 
and fauna of this stage denote temperate and drier conditions ; 
while the distribution of the forest-bed plainly indicates a for- 
merly wider land-surface, but one not apparently so extensive as 
that of the Lower Forestian. In Scotland the upper forest-bed 
distinctly overlies the Carse-clays, etc., of the preceding stage. 
