JE (MROIVEAUIN (CALA CHAUIL, IDIETZOSIOES,. 259 
Having arrived at the conclusion that a distinct glacial epoch 
is represented in northern and northwestern Europe by the 
great Baltic glacier and the district ice-sheets and valley-glaciers 
of Britain, we might well expect to meet with evidence of a 
contemporaneous advance of the Alpine glaciers. The three- 
fold grouping of terminal moraines and associated fluvio-glacial 
gravels in the Alpine “‘Vorland”’ represents, as we have seen, 
three successive glacial epochs—the Scanian, the Saxonian and 
the Polandian. Entering the mountains by the main valleys, no 
conspicuous terminal moraines are encountered for a long dis- 
tance. Eventually, however, these make their appearance. 
They are of very considerable dimensions and indicate a time 
when all the great longitudinal valleys contained large trunk 
glaciers—none of which, however, reached within many miles 
the limits attained by the glaciers of the preceding third glacial 
epoch. The moraines now referred to constitute Professor 
Penck’s “first post-glacial stage,’’ when the snow-line would 
seem to have been 3000 feet lower than now. So far as I am 
aware, there is no evidence of interglacial conditions having 
supervened before the advent of these early ‘post-glacial gla- 
ciers.’ The moraines in question might simply indicate a pause 
in the retreat of the great glaciers of the third glacial epoch. 
It is inconceivable, however, that the very considerable climatic 
changes which are evidenced by the Neudeckian and Mecklen- 
burgian stages of northern Europe should not have affected the 
Alpine Lands. And it is, at all events, probable that the moraines 
”) 
of the ‘first post-glacial stage’”’ are the equivalents of the great 
moraines of the Baltic Ridge, and the products, therefore, of a 
separate and distinct glacial epoch. The absence of any Alpine 
representatives of the Neudeckian interglacial stage need not 
surprise us—for, as I shall show presently, the occurrence of 
such deposits in mountain-valleys must always be exceptional. 
The stage which I have termed Lower Forestian is one of 
the most clearly marked in the whole Pleistocene series. In 
Britain and Scandinavia its position with reference to underly- 
ing and overlying accumulations is precisely similar. An Arctic 
