260 LLL iO OLN ATER OPN GLO L OG Ne 
flora occupied the low grounds of both countries during the 
decay and disappearance of the great Baltic glacier and its Brit- 
ish equivalents. To that eventually succeeded a vast forest-growth 
the relics of which underlie our oldest peat-bogs. The lower 
forest-bed rests, in short, upon the glacial, fluvio-glacial and 
marine deposits of the Mecklenburgian stage. At the climax 
of the Lower Forestian a wide land-surface obtained in north- 
western Europe, and the Baltic became a fresh-water lake. _ 
Eventually, submergence ensued before those genial conditions 
had passed away —the marine fauna evidencing warmer waters 
than now lave the coasts of northwestern Europe. 
The next stage (Lower Turbarian) is represented typically 
in Scotland by the peat which overlies the lower forest-bed and 
by the raised beaches underneath which the Lower Forestian 
passes out seawards. The same succession occurs in Scandina- 
via. Thirty years have elapsed since I first pointed out the 
significance of this old buried forest and its overlying mantle of 
peat, and the conclusions I then arrived at have since been sup- 
ported by the independent researches of Professor Blytt and 
other botanists and geologists abroad. In subsequent years I 
had succeeded in gathering much additional evidence. 1 found 
that the raised beaches and estuarine deposits which overlie the 
lower buried forest in our maritime districts, when they are fol- 
lowed inland, eventually pass into fluvio-glacial gravels, and I 
adduced further evidence to show that during the formation of 
these beaches and the lower peat of the inland tracts small 
valley-glaciers existed in, the Scottish Highlands. Bhe 
researches of the Geological Survey have since then shown that 
these glaciers came down to the sea here and there in the west 
Highlands and dropped their moraines upon the deposits of the 
fifty-foot beach. These glaciers I described in Prehistoric Europe 
as ‘post-glacial glaciers’’— meaning by that, glaciers which had 
come into existence after the disappearance of the minor mer de 
glace. The character of the flora of the lower forest-bed and 
the wide horizontal and vertical range of the trees, and the 
facies of the fauna of the Lzttorina-beds of the same stage alike 
