EUROPEAN GLACIAL DEPOSITS. 261 
indicate more genial conditions than’ now obtain in northwest 
Europe. During the climate of Lower Forestian times it is not 
aye alll probable that permanent snow-fields of_any kind could 
have existed in Britain. The glaciers of the succeeding Lower 
Turbarian epoch were not the attenuated descendants of the 
great valley-glaciers and district ice-sheets but entirely independ- 
ent of and unrelated to these. 
In southern Norway the great moraines of the Mecklenbur- 
gian stage skirt the coast-line. Considerably further inland we 
encounter another series of large terminal moraines, constituting 
Dr. Hansen’s ‘“‘epiglacial stage.’ These moraines I take to be 
on the same horizon as those of the Lower Turbarian in Scot- 
land. They indicate a snow-line in southern Norway at about 
2400 feet, and this corresponds fairly well with the snow-line in 
Scotland which, during Lower Turbarian times, averaged a height 
Ol ZOO) feet 
In the Alpine Lands, after leaving the moraines of the “ first 
post-glacial stage,” we meet with no more accumulations of the 
kind until we penetrate far into the lateral valleys, and there 
another series of conspicuous moraines occurs, forming Penck’s 
‘second post-glacial stage.” These indicate a depression of the 
snow-line of about 1600 feet. 
The cold, humid conditions of the Lower Turbarian stage 
were followed by a more genial and drier climate, the evidence 
of which is abundantly supplied by the upper forest-bed in the 
peat-bogs of northwest Europe. As this forest-bed with its 
overlying peat passes out to sea underneath the youngest raised 
beaches of Britain and the opposite coasts of the Continent, we 
infer that in Upper Forestian times the land was of wider extent 
than now. In the Upper Turbarian we in like manner read the 
evidence of a subsequent relapse to wet and ungenial conditions 
—the overlying raised beaches indicating further that these 
conditions were accompanied or followed by partial submer- 
gence. To this stage I assign the relatively small moraines 
which are restricted to the highest mountain-groups in Scotland 
—the position of these indicating a snow-line at about 3500 
