264 LAE JOURNAL OFNGEROLOGY. 
best represented. Exceptionally, as in the case of the Hétting 
beds at Innsbruck, interglacial beds have been preserved under 
the moraine of the great ice-flow of maximum glaciation. But 
the beds in question had become indurated by infiltration and 
converted into solid rock before the advent of that great gla- 
cier, and consequently were better able to resist erosion. 
It is obvious that the accumulations of glacial and inter- 
glacial times which occur over so wide a region in northern and ~ 
northwestern Europe, and are so well represented in the moun- 
tain lands further south, must have their representatives in what 
we may term extra-glacial tracts. I have spoken of the Nor- 
folkian beds of East Anglia as being the only representatives of 
that stage that we can certainly recognize in northern Europe. 
But it seems to me most probable that the fossiliferous deposits 
which underlie the lower bowlder-clay (Saxonian) of middle 
Germany occupy the Norfolkian horizon. Be that as it may, we 
cannot doubt that each interglacial stage must have its equiva- 
lent amongst the Pleistocene accumulations of non-glaciated 
regions. This can be demonstrated in the case of the Lower 
Forestian stage. It has long been known that a great forest- 
growth characterized northwestern Europe in what is usually 
termed the “post-glacial epoch,” and that partial submergence of 
the land subsequently ensued. Now the deposits of this so-called 
“post-glacial stage” are overlaid in Scotland by a series of 
moraines—the position of which indicates that the snow-line 
stood at an average elevation of 2500 feet. The flora and fauna 
of the Lower Forestian, on the other hand, denote a climate . 
even more genial than the present. Hence the Lower Fores- 
tian, capped as it is by glacial accumulations, obviously occupies 
an interglacial position. In a word, the lower peat-bed occur- 
ring under the peat-bogs of northwest Europe outside of 
the regions reached by the glaciers of the Lower Turbarian 
stage, is the product of an interglacial epoch, to which suc- 
ceeded an epoch of manifestly colder conditions. On the same 
principle and for similar reasons I would assign to interglacial 
horizons all the Pleistocene alluvial and cave deposits of extra- 
