EUROPEAN GLACIAL DEPOSITS. 265 
glacial tracts which have yielded relics of interglacial floras and 
faunas; while those containing the remains of northern and ~ 
Arctic forms I look upon as representatives of the several glacial 
stages. 
Thus I would range under the head of Norfolkian not only 
the ‘‘ Norwich Forest-bed series”’ and the equivalent interglacial 
beds of the Alpine Lands, but the so-called ‘“pre-glacial beds”’ 
underlying the Saxonian diluvial formation of middle Germany, 
etc., together with the Alephas-meridionalis beds of France, Italy, 
etc. The subsequent glacial and interglacial stages must each 
have representatives in extra-glacial tracts, and I am sanguine 
enough to believe that the detailed correlation of the former 
with the latter will some day be accomplished. Already, 
indeed, progress has been made in this direction. Distinct 
stages in the Pleistocene alluvia have been recognized not only 
by means of their organic remains, but by working out their 
relation to the fluvio-glacial terraces that extend outwards from 
glaciated regions. In this way it has been proved that no 
small proportion of the ossiferous and paleolithic river-gravels 
are on the horizon of the Helvetian interglacial stage. So 
again with regard to the Loss, recent researches have shown that 
‘he areas occupied by this deposit have been tenanted succes- 
sively by tundra, steppe, and forest-faunas. And, further, as 
Penck and others have demonstrated, the Léss is not the accu- 
mulation of one single epoch, but must be relegated to different 
stages of the Glacial Period. 
Apart altogether from the stratigraphical relations of the 
Pleistocene alluvia and cave-accumulations to the fluvio-glacial 
and glacial deposits, it has long been recognized that the organic 
remains of the former are indicative of climatic oscillations. 
Did no glacial.and interglacial beds exist, we should yet infer 
from a study of the Pleistocene alluvia and cave-accumulations 
that great changes of climate must have taken place during 
their formation. It is clear, in a word, that the Pleistocene 
deposits of extra-glacial and glaciated regions are merely por- 
tions of one and the same geological series—they are of con- 
