368 THE JOURNAL OF GEOLOGY. 
12,000 feet or more, that the whole Antillean continent stood an equal 
amount above its present level. 
The bottom of the fjords, particularly the landward portion, have 
probably been somewhat filled with sediments. The gradients as cal- 
culated from the soundings may be too great. But it is not probable 
that the possible error from this cause can bridge the discrepancy 
between gradients of the fjords and those of similar land valleys. The 
facts given by Mr. Spencer prove a greater elevation of the continent 
in Pliocene and in early Pleistocene times than at present, and a lower 
level at the end of the Pliocene and later in the Pleistocene. It may 
be fairly questioned, however, whether they prove the great elevation 
above the present level which is claimed. 
Henry B. KUMMEL. 
Elements de Paléontologie. By FELIX BERNARD, Paris, 1895; 1146 
pages, 606 illustrations, Baillaire & Son. 
A new paleontology bringing up to recent date the more important 
results of work in this field will be welcome to many. It includes a 
phytological as well as zodlogical portion, though the /zvertebrata are 
more fully treated than the remainder. Morphology and classification 
are treated with especial fullness, though the latter is carried down 
only as far as the family or, usually, the genus. The phylogeny and 
embryology of groups is also given in summary at the close of the dif- 
ferent sections. The sections on the brachiopods and the crinoids are 
especially well developed, and the introductory chapter of the book in 
which the scope of paleontology and its relations to other sciences is 
discussed will be found of especial interest. 
E. C. QUEREAU. 
