378 THE JOURNAL OF GEOLOGY. 
Ceratitide have died out, and again a new fauna comes in from 
unknown regions. The lower Lias of California and Nevada, 
according to Professor A. Hyatt,’ is characterized by the presence 
of Arietide of European habitus although not identical with 
European species. 
The Lias? is typically developed over western Europe, and 
as far to the southeast as the Caucasus Mountains, but wholly 
unknown in eastern Europe, eastern Africa and continental Asia. 
In the work cited, Neumayr has shown from the distribution 
of fossils and sediments during the Lias that then eastern Europe, 
nearly all Africa and Asia were above water, since Jurassic land- 
plants are found over much of this area; but on Japan is found 
Lias of European type. 
Dr. O. Behrendsen?3 has recently described from the Argen- 
tine Republic lower Lias, with ty pical European species of 
Arietide and Amaltheide. The same type of Lias, with Avetites 
geometricus, Oppel, and <A. Jdongicellus, Quenstedt, has been 
described by Dr. A. Rothpletz* from Timor in the Indian Ocean. 
These species could not have migrated to or from Europe by the 
western way, since this was blocked by the continental mass at 
the junction of Europe, Asia and Africa. They along with. the 
American species could only have migrated by the eastern way 
through the ‘‘Central Mediterranean Sea.”> In this way we 
have in the Lower Jura of California a central European type of 
fauna. 
Middle Jura-—The fossils of the Californian Middle Jura are 
too little known for us to be able to speak with certainty about 
their faunal relations, but the few species that have been 
described by Professor A. Hyatt® are probably of central 
European type. 
t Bull. Geol. Soc. Am., Vol. V.. Trias and Jura in the Western States. 
2M. NEUMAYR: Denkschr. K. Akad. Wiss. Wien., Vol. L, 1885, Geograph. 
Verbreitung der Juraformation. 
3 Zeitschr. Deutsch. Geol. Gesell., 1891, p. 371. 
4 Paleeontographica, Vol. XXXIX., p. 97. 
5 M. NeuMAyR: Geographische Verbreitung der Juraformation. 
6 Bull. Geol. Soc. Am., Vol. IIIL., pp. 395-412. 
