SO QLNMES, JHE SI (GIQ2IN ICS, 483 
identical species or genera. What better argument could be 
adduced for the influence of surroundings on development ? 
S. P. Woodward* while working upon the same theory as 
Forbes reaches the following conclusion: ‘‘ Meanwhile it may be | 
stated that according to this evidence [that derived by Forbes 
from Paleontology | the faunas of the provinces are of various 
ages, and that their origin is connected with former (often very 
remote) geological changes, and a different distribution of land 
and water over the surface of the globe.”” It must be remem- 
bered that this was written several years before the publication 
of Darwin’s Origin of Species, at a time when the teachings of 
Lamarck had been practically forgotten, and by an author that 
believed in the reality of species. 
The marine provinces that were proposed by Woodward? for 
the invertebrates hold good even now. They are as follows: 
(1) Arctic, (2) Boreal, (3) Celtic, (4) Lusitanian, (5) Aralo- 
Caspian, (6) W. African, (7) S. African, (8) Indo-Pacific, (9) 
Australo-Zealandic, (10) Japonic, (11) Aleutian, (12) Califor- 
nian, (13) Panamic, (14) Peruvian, (15) Magellanic, (16) Pata- 
gonian, (17) Caribbean. ; 
And these provinces are grouped naturally into great 
regions: 
“The tropical and sub-tropical provinces might naturally be 
grouped in three principal vivisions, viz., the Atlantic, the Indc- 
Pacific, and the West-American,— divisions which are bounded 
by meridians of longitude, not by parallels of latitude. The 
Arctic province is comparatively small and exceptional; and 
the three most southern faunas of America, Africa, and Aus- 
tralia differ extremely, but not on account of climate.” An 
application of this same method enabled Wallace to write his 
Geographical Distribution of Animals and to place the study 
of the geographic distribution of all animals on a scientific 
basis. 
*Manual of the Mollusca, 1856, p. 352. 
?Manual of the Mollusca, 1856. 
3Loc. cit., p. 353. 
