484 DHE JOCNALE OF (GHOLOGW: 
ANCIENT PROVINCES. 
There were no such things as universal faunas, even in remote 
geologic time; there have always been barriers of continent and 
ocean, and probably too of climate, ever since life existed on the 
earth. Only the deep sea faunas could be universal, if oceanic 
bottoms had been stable, but even they are not universal now, 
nor have they remained unchanged in time. 
Barrande showed that the known Cambrian and Silurian 
faunas could be divided into well-defined provinces, and the 
recent work of Professor Walcott has extended greatly our 
knowledge of the distribution of Cambrian animals. 
For the geographic study of Devonian faunas we are ee 
indebted to Barrende,! and H. S. Williams.? 
It has been shown conclusively by the latter author that in 
Lower and Middle Devonian there was a North-South American 
region, and a Eurasian region; and that during Upper Devonian 
times the regions had changed so that the grouping was into the 
Eurasian-North American, and the South American-South 
UN tricane 
We owe most of our knowledge of the faunal geography of 
the Carboniferous to Professor Waagen.3 He has shown that 
during the Carboniferous there were two great regions correspond- 
ing to the northern and the southern hemispheres, and that within 
these were provinces more or less sharply defined. But these 
regions and provinces by no means agreed with those of the 
older Palzozoic. 
Mojsisovics* has divided the known Triassic faunas into two 
great regions, the European and the Pacific, and these in turn 
into provinces ; the European Mediterranean province, the Arctic ; 
the Himalayan, which is intermediate between Arctic and Medi- 
terranean; and the American. 
tSystéme Silur. Bohéme. 
2Cuboides Zone and its Fauna, Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., Vol. I. 
3 Pal. Indica. Salt Range Fossils. Geological Results. 
4Arktische Triasfaunen, Mém. Acad. Sci. St. Petersbourg, VII. Series, Vol. 
XXXIII., No. 6. 
