STRATIGRAPHY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA 121 
San Pedro bluff, reaching its maximum thickness of twenty feet 
at the last locality. 
An elevation which raised the San Pedro deposits to near 
their present level occurred after the deposition of the upper San 
Pedro series ; then after remaining at a constant level for some 
time another small uplift took place, which left the beds in their 
present position. This last period of rest and subsequent eleva- 
tion is evidenced by a raised beach formation four feet thick 
and six feet above the sea level on the north end of Deadman 
Island (see Fig. 1). 
Phocene.—The Pliocene at Deadman Island (see Fig. 1 and 
Plate I) consists principally of a series of fine brown clayey sand 
layers having a dip toward the north of eight to ten degrees and 
a thickness of forty-five feet. The bottom layer of this series, 
which rests on the eroded surface of the jointed Miocene shale, 
is a fossiliferous stratum twelve inches thick of water-worn 
shale pebbles and sand. Many of the shale pebbles, and the 
surface of the eroded shale, show worm and pholas borings. 
About eight feet of fine yellowish-brown, rather incoherent, 
clayey sand rests on the gravel stratum. Well-preserved fossils 
are abundant in some parts of the clayey stratum. Four feet of 
hard, fine, porous, brown sandstone overlie the clayey stratum. 
Fossils are common in this hard bed, the most fossiliferous 
places being the harder, due to the cementing effect of the lime 
from the shells. On account of the great abundance of 7hyasira 
(= Cryptodon) bisecta in this hard stratum it has received the 
local name of ‘‘Cryptodon bed.” Twenty-five to thirty-five feet 
of faintly laminated brown sandstone overlie the Cryptodon 
bed. These uppermost brown sands are characterized by beau- 
tiful specimens of Pecten caurinus, Lucina acutilineata, and Pano- 
mya ampla. 
The fauna of the Deadman Island Pliocene is somewhat 
similar to the fauna which is now living in twenty to fifty fath- 
oms off shore from San Pedro. The Pliocene sediments are also 
analogous to the mud and fine sand now found on the bottom 
off the San. Pedro shore. It is, therefore, safe to assume that 
