314 HARRY FIELDING REID 
Italian Alps —The glaciers of the eastern Italian Alps show 
a small retreat; some glaciers southwest of Savoy are retreating 
more rapidly; but the snow seems to be increasing in the Mari- 
time Alps to the west, and two of the glaciers there have 
advanced several meters." 
Swedish Alps—The summer of 1900 was very cold, with 
extremely large snowfalls. The glaciers of Lapland, which were 
the only Swedish glaciers visited, have not changed since the 
preceding year.’ 
Norwegian Alps.—According to Schéning, the years when 
grain has not.ripened in Norway were 1600-2, 1632-34, 1685— 
87, 1695-97, 1740-42. These dates follow pretty closely the 
dates of cold, damp periods in Europe as given by Bruckner, 
and the dates of advance of the glaciers of the Alps as given by 
Richter. In Norway, however, it is only for the last of these 
dates that we have any precise information regarding the varia- 
tions of the glaciers. In 1742-43 the Nigard (Jostedal) advanced 
about forty-three meters; in 1748 it began to retreat slowly. 
Other glaciers showed similar variations. There was, in general, 
a great advance in the eighteenth century, preceded by a very 
marked retreat ; since then there has been a small retreat on 
which have been superposed many minor variations. At present 
the glaciers of Jostedal seem to be advancing. 
The glaciers of Jotunheim were, in general, advancing in the 
summer of 1898; since then they have been retreating. 
Arctic regions —M. Charles Rabot has given a very complete 
account of the observations which have been made on the gla- 
ciers of the Arctics and neighboring regions, with full references 
to the literature, which will be of great service to future observ- 
ers. His general results as to the variations of these glaciers 
are: 
1. Before the eighteenth century, the glaciers were much less extensive 
than they are today, and this minimum lasted for several centuries. 
"Report of Professor Porro. ? Report of Dr. Svenonius. 
3Report of Dr. Oyen, which is condensed from a very detailed account of the 
glaciers of Norway published in English in Myt Magazin for Naturvidenskaberne, 
Vol. XX XIX, pp. 73-116, Christiania, 1901. 
