LEE GATTATMONS OL. GILA CLE TKS! 315 
2. During the eighteenth century an enormous advance took place, 
greater than an ordinary variation. The glaciers invaded territory which 
they had never occupied during the present [geological] period. This advance 
was general over all the northern hemisphere. 
3. During the nineteenth century the variations have not been uniform. 
In some regions there has been a considerable advance followed by a slight 
retreat; whereas, in others, the glaciers, after remaining at a maximum up 
to the early part of the century have since experienced a small diminution. 
Nowhere has the retreat been so great as in the Alps during the last fifty 
years.* 
Spitzbergen.—Baron de Geer has made a map of the southern 
and central parts of Spitzbergen which gives an excellent idea 
of the large glaciers of that region. Professor Nathorst has 
also described and figured some of these glaciers.’ 
Greenland.—The Swedish expedition of 1899 made a large 
map of northeastern Greenland; which shows a great number of 
glaciers, including the Waltershausen which has a breadth of 13 
kilometers, where it ends’ in) the -fiord. “Dr. ‘Steenstrup: has 
described a number of small glaciers occupying depressions on 
the mountain sides on the western coast, which are frequently 
entirely covered with débris; they seem to be the remnants of a 
greater glaciation. 
Canada.— All the glaciers observed continue to retreat at an 
increasing rate. The Victoria glacier (Alberta) has diminished 
slightly. Its velocity measured at two points amounts to 130 
feet per year. The Asulkan glacier (B. C.) has retreated 24 feet; 
the Illicillewaet has retreated 64 feet and has become thinner and 
‘Ves Variations de Longueur des Glaciers dans les régions arctiques et boréales,”’ 
Archives des sciences phys. et. nat., Geneva, 1897, 1899, and 1900. These papers were 
more fully reviewed in Sczexce, December 13, 1901. It is interesting to note that the 
same order of events has been followed by the glaciers of southeastern Alaska, namely, 
a long period of small extension, then a short period of great advance, and finally a 
general retreat, which has been going on for the last hundred years or more. 
“Studies of Muir Glacier,” Vat. Geog. Mag., 1892, Vol. IV, pp. 38, 39. ‘Glacier 
Bay and Its Glaciers,” Stxteenth Ann. Rept. U. S. Geol. Surv., 1896, pp. 438-40. 
2G. DE GEER, Om gradmatningsnatels framforande ofver sodra om mellersta Spitz- 
bergen, Ymer, 1900; A. G. NATHORST, 7wd somrar zt norra tshafvet, Ymer, 1900. 
3 Report of Professor A. Nathorst. 
