40 Reports and Proceedings — 



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Geological Society of London. 



I.— November 20, 1895.— Dr. Henry Woodward, F.R.S., President, 

 in the Chair. The following communications were read : — 



1. "Additional Notes on the Tarns of Lakeland." By J. E. 

 Marr, Esq., M.A., F.R.S., Sec. G.S. 



This paper is supplementary to one by the author published in 

 the Q.J.G.S., vol. li (1895). He gives additional notes on Watered- 

 bath Tarn ; describes Hard Tarn on Helvellyn, a pond whose outlet 

 has gradually been diverted from a course over screes to one over 

 solid rock ; Hayeswater, a lakelet referred to by Dr. H. R. Mill as 

 in some respects intermediate between the mountain-tarns and the 

 vallejr-lakes ; and Angle Tarn, Patterdale, a good example of a 

 plateau-tarn. The results of his fresh observations tend to confirm 

 the views expressed in his former paper. 



2. "Notes on the Glacial Geology of Arctic Europe and its 

 Islands.— Part I. Kolguev Island. By Col. H. W. Feilden, P.G.S. ; 

 with a " Report on the Erratic Boulders from the Kolguev Beds," 

 by Prof. T. G. Bonney, D.Sc, LL.D, F.R.S., F.G.S. 



Kolguev Island, about the size of Norfolk, lies about 50 miles 

 from Arctic Russia and about 130 miles south-west of the nearest 

 part of Novaya Zemlya, with soundings not exceeding 80 fathoms 

 between it and Russia, and probably not more than 75 fathoms 

 between it and Novaya Zemlya. It is entirely composed of a vast 

 accumulation of glacio-marine beds. The northern two-thirds of the 

 island consists of an elevated ridged area with a maximum height of 

 250 feet. The author has been furnished with notes b}' Mr. Trevor- 

 Batty e concerning the geology of this region. It is inferred from his 

 observations that this elevated region is composed of beds of sand 

 with erratic boulders not less than 80 feet deep, resting on clays — 

 the " Kolguev Clays." Mount Bolvana rises as a symmetrical cone 

 above the tundra, detached from the northern plateau, pointing, in 

 the opinion of the author, to the occurrence of marine erosion. 



The southern portion of the island is tundra, a dead flat of grass, 

 bog, and peat-levels reaching to the sea; good sections of the 

 Kolguev Clays are exposed in the gullies traversing it near the sea on 

 the western coast. In the vicinity of the Gobista river the Kolguev 

 Beds consist of clays merging here and there into sands. They are 

 charged with boulders often ice-scratched, indicating continuous 

 deposition in a comparatively deep sea. The beds yielded many 

 shells of Arctic mollusca, such as Saxictwn arctica, Mija, etc., 

 apparently dispersed from top to bottom. The ice-pack has forced 

 many fragments of semi-fossil wood on to the shore, no doubt 

 worked up from a bed immediately below sea-level. No deposit 

 was met with in Kolguev Island precisely similar to what is called 

 "Till" in Scotland, though there are many Boulder-clays in Britain 

 which are in no measure superior in toughness to those of Kolguev — 

 for instance, those of the Yorkshire coast and the Chalky Boulder- 

 clays of Norfolk. 





