Sir H. H. Hoicorth — Destruction of the Chalk. 63 



which former! the Upper or chalky Boulder-clay, a view in which 

 Mr. Horace B. Woodward concurs (id. Dec. II, Vol. VIII, p. 93). 



In 1866 Mi\ Taylor called attention to a similar disturbance in 

 a pit at Swainsthorpe. He tells us that on the left side of the pit 

 the flint bands were nearly perpendicular, being somewhat contorted 

 and leaning towards the right. On the right side the bands were 

 somewhat more perpendicular, but still leaned towards the north. 

 The contorted bands forming an anticlinal arch, the summit of which 



had been denuded flint bands were shattered and broken 



as though by the influence of some sudden force. (Geol. Mag., Vol. 

 Ill, p. 44.) 



A similar disturbance occurs in the Chalk at Trowse, and was first 

 pointed out by Mr. T. G. Bayfield. In this pit the Chalk, with 

 layers of flints and paramoudras in situ, was inclined at an angle of 

 from 35° to 40° in a south-easterly direction. Mr. Woodward 

 found the bedded chalk pass into sandy and marly beds, and itself con- 

 tained fractured flints with pebbles of flint and quartzite, which were 

 dispersed throughout it. The flint layers gradually assumed a hori- 

 zontal position in going downward. He adds — " From the fact that 

 beds of the age of the Norwich Crag are disturbed together with the 

 Chalk, it may be concluded that they were forced up in post-Pliocene 

 times ; and from the relations borne by the chalky Boulder-clay to 

 the chalk in this immediate neighbourhood and in many pits round 

 Norwich, I feel no hesitation in concluding that the disturbance was 

 produced by the agent which formed this Boulder-clay." Similar 

 disturbances have been reported by Mr. Wood at Litcham. 



Mr. Woodward elsewhere describes a pit showing much disturbed 

 chalk near Burham Abbey, chips of flint and flint nodules occurring 

 in the mass of the rock, the disturbance reaching to a depth of ten 

 feet. At West Rainham the Chalk shows signs of disturbance in an 

 anticlinal arrangement of the flint layers, the fold trending east and 

 west. (Geology of Fakenham, etc.) 



Turning to the very important section at Trimingham, I feel con- 

 strained to quote Mr. Clement Reid's excellent description. "North- 

 west of Mundesley," he says, " the beds (contorted series) undulate 

 a good deal, the disturbance gradually extending into the lower 

 deposits and becoming more violent, till at last at Gimingham and 

 Trimingham it affects the solid chalk. .... The normal position of 

 the Chalk would be below low- water mark ; but it has been thrown 

 into a series of undulations which have the effect of raising it above 

 the sea-level. . . . These undulations form definite anticlinal and 

 synclinal folds, having their axes parallel with the coast-line, though 

 minor flexures often obscure the structure where only a small ex- 

 posure can be seen. The bending has been so violent as to squeeze 

 up a ridge of chalk ; of which, judging from the dips on the fore- 

 shore, the two chalk bluffs seen in the cliff seem to be the last 

 remnants." Mr. Reid adds — " That this contortion is of Pleistocene 

 age is proved by the similar disturbance of the overlying beds, and 

 by the intrusion of tongues of Boulder-clay into the Chalk." This 

 view confirms that of Lyell, who, as Mr. Reid says, " was fully 



