280 Reports and Proceedings — 



of the springs, he argues that every valley of the district has been 

 elongated in the direction which it now has by a stream originating 

 in a spring always at its head; and that the development of channels 

 towards particular points of discharge has been the chief agent in 

 initiating the formation and guiding the direction of all the minor 

 valleys of the river-system within the influence of the same set of 

 beds. A description of the characters of the slopes follows, and 

 their significance is discussed. The structure of the hills and valleys 

 of the district occupies the next portion of the paper, and the 

 author considers that corresponding to the deepening of a valley by 

 denudation there is uplifting of the beds below it, and at the same 

 time an outward and upward thrust along the hillside which lifts 

 beds there ; also, that hills are reduced in height by sinking as well 

 as by denudation of their upper parts. In discussing the question 

 of unconformity between the Inferior Oolite and Upper Lias, the 

 rarity of exposures of true junctions is noted, the junctions which 

 have been chiefly examined by other observers being obscured by 

 slipping ; and reasons are given for inferring an absence of uncon- 

 formity at the horizon, both on account of the character of the true 

 junctions and from other considerations. The author, however, 

 gives reasons for believing that a slight unconformity occurs in the 

 Upper Lias, so that the lower part of the jurensis-zone is absent, and 

 not its upper part as has been elsewhere inferred. 



2. " Contributions to the Stratigraphy and Palaeontology of the 

 G I obi gei-ina-l\m est ones of the Maltese Islands." By J. H. Cooke, 

 Esq., F.L.S., F.G.S. 



A bibliography of the 6?/o?%emja-limestones is followed by some 

 remarks on the physical features and general distribution of the 

 strata. The limestones are divided into nine subdivisions, lettered 

 A to I, the former being uppermost. Four seams of phosphatic 

 nodules form the subdivisions B, D, G, and I, and local nodule-bands 

 also occur in E. The subdivision G serves as a line of demarcation 

 between the Langbian Series (Miocene) and the Aquitanian 

 (Oligocene). Details of the lithological and palasontological 

 characters of the various subdivisions are given, and the author 

 concludes that I, and the lower part of H, were laid down on 

 a sinking sea-floor, in about 300 fathoms of water ; that the upper 

 part of H, and G, F, E, D, composed to a large extent of Globigeriua 

 and other pelagic organisms, were probably deposited in about 

 1000 fathoms; while C, B, and A, were probably laid down, like 

 I, and the lower part of H, in about 300 fathoms of water. 



3. " On the Geology of the Neighbourhood of Carmarthen." By 

 Miss Margaret C. Crosfield and Miss Ethel G. Skeat. (Commu- 

 nicated by J. E. Marr, Esq., MA., F.R.S., Sec.G.S.) 



The area described lies approximately within a four-mile radius of 

 Carmarthen. The beds of the district have been subjected to com- 

 plicated foldings, amongst which an earlier set, giving rise to 

 a number of small anticlines with north-and-south axes, and a later 

 more extensive set, due to the series of earth-movements which 



