Sir H. H. Howorth — Dislocation of the Chalk. 307 



shows us further that the submergence was not gradual, the result 

 of continuous cutting back of a sea-coast by diurnal causes, but 

 a widespread and cataclysmic one, or these bones would not be found 

 in some cases articulated, and in all cases with their finest muscular 

 attachments intact, but would be rubbed and converted into a kind 

 of bony shingle. 



In this behalf I should like to quote an opinion of Murchison, 

 now perhaps forgotten. Referring to the existence of mam- 

 moth bones in a submarine forest off the Norfolk coast, he said 

 that this commixture had been pointed to as indicating long and 

 slow action. He viewed it as evidence of sudden movement. 

 " When examining a similar submarine forest," he says, " with 

 the trunks of trees still erect, the late eminent Dr. Forchhammer, 

 of Copenhagen, came to the conclusion, as he informed me, that 

 the movement by which they were submerged must have been 

 sudden. He argued that the rapid immersion of the trunks, and 

 their having been quickly surrounded by marine mud, could alone 

 have preserved them ; for if the trees had been gradually sinking 

 at the rate of an inch or two in a year, they would have been 

 entirely decomposed under the atmosphere long before their sub- 

 mergence." ("Siluria," ed. 5, p. 491.) 



These conclusions are further confirmed by another, for which I 

 have fought very hard in these pages, namely, that the chalky clay 

 of Eastern England is shown, by every case where the evidence is 

 clear, to overlie the land-surface on which the mammoth lived. 

 Mr. Horace Woodward has quoted some cases bringing into close 

 chronological sequence the destruction of the mammoth and the 

 disintegration of the Chalk of Eastern England. Thus he quotes 

 the discovery, about the middle of the last century, of " part of the 

 horn and palm of a deer, found in a chalk-pit at a village called 

 Baber, four miles east [west] of Norwich, at the depth of 16 feet, and 

 almost converted into a chalky substance." S. Woodward confirmed 

 the discovery by Arderon of deer's horns in the disturbed chalk at 

 Whitlingbam and Sprowston. Arderon describes a man's skeleton as 

 having occurred in the same bed. Since this time, says Mr. Horace 

 Woodward, Mr. J. W. Ewing, Mr. Fitch, and Mr. Bayfield have 

 brought many specimens, including shed antlers, under the notice 

 of the Norwich Geological Society. These include the mammoth, 

 the red deer, and another species, like the roe deer; while the 

 localities of Thorpe, near Norwich, Hartford Bridge, Markshall, and 

 Eaton, have been added to the list. 



E. primigenius has been found in the cutting below the viaduct 

 near Hartford Bridge, and in chalk rubble, Norwich ; while antlers 

 of deer have been found at Norwich, Trowse or Lakenham, Mark- 

 shall, Eaton, and Whitlingbam. On March 4, 1868, Mr. J. W. 

 Ewing exhibited before the Norwich Geological Society several 

 portions of antlers found in the rubble or disturbed chalk in his 

 grounds at Eaton. Mr. Gunn says he was struck with the marks 

 of cutting and abrasion, by some blunt instrument, of the pedicle of 

 one specimen of the red deer, and of sawing on another. A stone 



