354 Horace B. Woodward— The North Cliff, South irohl. 



shows normal faults cutting and displacing the folds where the faults 

 and folds exist together, even in the case of those longer undulations 

 into which the strata involved in the folding of the mountain range 

 graduate in those great areas and plains flanking the range proper, 

 which constitute a large proportion of what I have termed the 

 strata-plate. May we not justly infer from these phenomena that 

 normal faulting on a large or general scale never precedes, but 

 invariably follows, folding, excepting in the case of previously faulted 

 and folded strata involved in the general compression and uplift. 

 Another feature distinguishing folded regions, such as Scotland, is 

 the prevalence of enormous strike-faults, showing that normal faulting 

 and folding, though arising from movements in opposite directions, 

 are yet closely related. 



This short restatement of some of the leading principles of my 

 theory of the origin of mountain ranges seems necessar}' in view of 

 certain misconceptions which have arisen, doubtless due to the 

 complexity of the subject. 



VI. — Note on a Section at the North Cliff, Southwold. 

 By Horace B. "Woodward, F.R.S., F.G.S. 



THE damage done to the land at the north end of Southwold by 

 the " moderate gale " of May, 1895, has been described by 

 Mr. J. Spiller. 1 One result of this damage was the opening up of 

 an interesting geological section along the base of the low cliffs, 

 a short account of which I brought before the last meeting of the 

 British Association at Ipswich. 



Before publishing this account, it was hoped some evidence might 

 have been obtained of the age of a fresh-water bed that had been 

 exposed. In this I have been disappointed, but as the sea continues 

 its ravages all traces of the bed may ere long be removed, and it 

 seems desirable, therefore, to delay no longer in making known the 

 particulars of the section. 



From the neighbourhood of two old pits that occur on the margin 

 of the present cliffs to the north of the coastguard station, the lower 

 portion of the cliffs has been bared of the talus so far as they extend 

 northwards, and certain deposits have been revealed which were not 

 previously to be seen, while other strata are more clearly exposed. 

 Particulars of these are shown in the accompanying section. 



By the present bathing-station, now just beyond the north end of 

 the cliffs, there is a low bank of Boulder-clay that extends some ten 

 yards north of the gravelly cove recently eroded by the sea. This 

 cove shows a fine section of the Crag series, 15 to 18 feet deep in 

 places, and extending for fifty yards. The beds comprise ochreous 

 sand and pebbly gravel, somewhat irregularly accumulated, but 

 on the whole fairly well bedded, and here and there current-bedded 

 on a small scale. The stones are mainly flint pebbles, but many 

 subangular fragments are present with the smaller stones, together 



^eol. Mag., Jan. 1896, p. 23. See also Howorth, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, 

 vol. li, p. 496. 





