

The Chalky and other Clays of Eastern England. 453 



("Geo!, of Norwich," p. 103). This light, it must be admitted, 

 is a very small one, and he confesses that it illustrates the un- 

 certainty of their development. Both beds contain chalk rubble ; 

 in some cases patches of very chalky clay appear in the stony 

 loam ; and towards Cromer, and further west, near Weybourn, these 

 marly beds are worked for lime. Sometimes the beds in this stony 

 loam are well stratified and laminated, and often inland, as well as 

 on the coast, exhibit many and remarkable contortions. Hence the 

 term contorted drift applied by Lyell. These contortions include 

 masses or galls of sand and gravel. 



One feature, supposed to distinguish the Chalky Clay from the 

 stony loam, is the absence of shell fragments, but, as Mr. Woodward 

 says — " It is by no means improbable that the stronger shells of the 

 Crag period, such as Cyprina Islandica, might be caught up and 

 preserved in it, as well as Liassic and other older fossils, or as the 

 shells of the Kimeridge and Oxford Clays. And, indeed, shell 

 fragments have been noticed by Messrs. Bennett, Blake, Skertchly, 

 Reiil. and myself, in the Boulder-clay at Flordon, and near Rockland 

 St. Mary" [id., p. 115). Mr. Woodward himself confesses that at 

 Burlingham the Chalky Boulder-clay is much obscured by a loamy 

 soil, so that it is difficult to distinguish it from the Lower Glacial 

 brick-earth (id., p. 119), which is surely an inversion of matters if 

 the distinction is to be maintained. 



Let us now turn elsewhere. The Lincolnshire Wolds, as is well 

 known, separate the Chalky Clay of Lincolnshire from what I may 

 call the maritime clays. Here, again, it is difficult to assign 

 a different horizon to the two. It was remarked long ago that 

 the clay in Lincolnshire is often without chalk where remote from 

 the Chalk Wolds (Geol. Mem. N. Line, and S. Yorkshire). While 

 Mr. Jukes-Browne separates the Boulder-clays of South-west 

 Lincolnshire into an older and younger Boulder-clay, he says some 

 of his colleagues who had worked in that and adjoining areas 

 regard the Boulder-clays as approximately of the same age (Mem. 

 S.W. Line, p. 74). 



"In East Lincolnshire," says Mr. Jukes-Browne, "there are only 

 three localities where the brown Boulder-clay comes in contact 

 with the white Boulder-clay " ; and he concludes, after examining 

 them, that the appearances at those places are not against the 

 supposition that the brown clays pass into the Chalky Clay. 

 Mr. Bulman says the separation of the Chalky Clay and the 

 Purple Clays of the Eastern Counties seems to have been made 

 on arbitrary grounds. They do not occur in the same district, 

 being separated by the Wolds. (Geol. Mag. 1891, p. 345.) 

 Mr. Jukes-Browne similarly shows that the so-called Purple 

 Clay and the Hessle Clay graduate into each other, and that there 

 is no break between them (id.). Mr. D. Mackintosh speaks of the 

 Purple Clay of East Yorkshire as horizontally continuous with the 

 Chalky Clay of Lincolnshire (Q.J.G.S., vol. xxxvi, p. 1ST). 



Young and Bird long ago discriminated the three Boulder-clays 

 of Yorkshire, which are superficially marked by certain characters, 



