Br. C. J. Forsyth Major — Pliocene Fauna of Olivola. 305 



In the case of a freezing mixture I suppose it does so, but such a 

 case would not occur among minerals. Some geologists think that 

 dynanio-metanioiqmisrn takes place via heat ; but I am inclined to 

 think that the energy developed by the work upon the rocks takes 

 at once the form of chemical energ}', without passing through the 

 intermediate stage of heat. I should like to hear what is thought 

 on this question by those who know. 



In the case of the Bude rocks, and of the similar series at Tenby, 

 I suppose that the movement took place at the same time as that of 

 the disturbance of the Carboniferous rocks of the West of England. 

 The Poikilitic series, which is the next in sequence, has not partaken 

 of this disturbance. Hence, it is possible that the " cover " at the 

 time of the disturbance was not great, and this will go some way to 

 account for the small amount of metamorphism observed by General 

 McMahon. Perhaps, also, the argillaceous beds may have acted as 

 lubricants, and diminished the friction, thus reducing the magnitude 

 of the force P — W, and the corresponding work expended on the 

 rocks. 



Harlton, Cambridge. 



VI. — Note on a Pliocene Mammalian Fauna at Olivola in the 

 Upper Val di Magra (Prov. Massa-Carrara), Italy. 



By C. J. Forsyth Major, M.D. 



FOSSIL Mammalian remains from Olivola were already known in 

 the last century. Giovanni Targioni Tozzetti describes and 

 figures several bones from that locality, which he refers to some 

 species of Trichechus or Phoca, bat which, as far as the figures 

 permit of a judgment, belonged to Ruminants. 1 In this century, 

 the deposit was mentioned by Pareto, 2 and by Cocchi, 3 who from 

 stratigraphical considerations ascribe it to the Pleistocene. 



A few remains from this locality, collected by Prof. Cocchi and 

 Prof. Capellini, are preserved in the museums of Pisa and Florence, 

 and in that of Bologna. Eiitimeyer has made known an imperfect 

 skull of an Antelope (Palworyx Meneghinii, Eiitim.) from Olivola, 

 preserved in the Pisa Museum. 1 He, too, divides the opinion of the 

 before-mentioned Italian geologists as to the geological age of the 

 deposit, which he calls an Ossiferous Breccia. As, however, the skull 

 of Antelope in which he recognizes a type from Pikermi, points to 

 an older horizon, he supposes it to have been floated into this 

 "Breccia" from an older deposit. 



1 Giovanni Targioni Tozzetti, Relazione d'alcuni Viaggi fatti in diverse parti 

 della Toscana, ed. seconda, t. x. 1777, pp. 386-395, tav. i. 



2 L. Pareto, Note sur les subdivisions que Ton pourrait etablir dans les terrains 

 tertiaires de l'Apennin septentrional (Bull. Soc. Geol. de France, 2 e serie, t. 22. 

 (Seance du 20- fevr. 1865). 



3 I. Cocchi, L'TJomo fossile nelP Italia Centrale, Studi Palaenotologici (Mem. Soc. 

 Ital. Scienze .Natur. vol. iii.), Milano, 1867, pp. 34-36. 



4 L. Rutirneyer, Die Binder der Tertiaer-Epoche, nebst Yorstudien zu einer natiirl, 

 Geschichte der Antilopen (Abhh. Schweiz. Palaeont. Gesellsch.), vol. iv. Zurich, 

 1877, 1878, fasc. vii. figs. 13, 14, pp. 86, 87. 



decade III. — VOL. vii. — no. vii. 20 



